X-Ray stress measurement on steels having preferred-orientation

1977 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 62-65 ◽  
Author(s):  
H Dölle ◽  
V Hauk ◽  
H Kockelmann ◽  
H Sesemann
Keyword(s):  
Interplanar Spacing ◽  
Stress Measurement ◽  
Preferred Orientation ◽  
Linear Distribution ◽  
Stress Evaluation ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Non Linear ◽  
Formed Structure

A non-linear distribution of (211) interplanar spacing is shown to occur in textured steels, the reasons for the non-linearity being marked texture, cold-formed structure and stresses. For stress evaluation it is recommended that the directions ψ be used, which are independent of texture. The paper gives the modified sin2ψ method, for both film and goniometer techniques, for predominantly uniaxial stresses.

A Practical ϕ-Method for the Evaluation of Stress on Materials with Stress Gradient by X-rays

1984 ◽  
Vol 28 ◽  
pp. 265-274 ◽  
Author(s):  
Toshihiko Sasaki ◽  
Makoto Kuramoto ◽  
Yasuo Yoshioka
Keyword(s):  
Stress Measurement ◽  
Stress Gradient ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Present Stage ◽  
Linear Distribution ◽  
Triaxial Stress State ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Depth Direction ◽  
Textured Materials ◽  
Distribution Of Stress

Nonlinear sin2ψ curves are often obtained in X-ray stress measurement. One of the reasons, for non-textured materials, is a steep stress gradient snowing in a surface layer of a sample. Regarding such experimental results, several new principles have been developed for X-ray stress analysis. At the present stage, we can evaluate the stress gradient in a triaxial stress state. As the next stage of the investigation, it is necessary to consider the validity of the assumptions taken in the principle, especially, the assumption about linear distribution of stress along the depth direction.

Measuring Residual and Applied Stress using X-Ray Diffraction on Materials with Preferred Orientation and Large Grain Size

1992 ◽  
Vol 36 ◽  
pp. 585-593
Author(s):  
James Pineault ◽  
Michael Brauss
Keyword(s):  
Grain Size ◽  
Stress Measurement ◽  
Preferred Orientation ◽  
Polycrystalline Materials ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Common Solution ◽  
Virtual Window ◽  
The Common ◽  
Comparison Of The Results

AbstractOne of the most difficult tasks in applied and residual stress measurement of polycrystalline materials using x-ray diffraction is dealing with preferred orientation and large grain size.A common solution to large grain size problems has been to choose a larger aperture, but in certain cases this is undesirable and/or impossible. When preferred orientation has been identified as the problem, the common approach has been to choose another diffraction plane or oscillate the x-ray diffraction head during data collection. Remedies such as these can distort the peak breadth and are often not sufficient to totally negate the grain size and preferred orientation effects.A technique described as the “step scan with virtual window” has been developed jointly at MTL (formerly Canmet) and Proto Mfg. Ltd. to deal specifically with the aforementioned effects of grain size and preferred orientation.This paper highlights some of the problems that arise in stress analysis of materials exhibiting preferred orientation and large grain size. Subsequently a comparison of the results obtained using standard diffraction technique, oscillation and the “step scan with virtual window” is made.

X-Ray Stress Measurement of Ni-Ai System Intermetallic Compounds

1995 ◽  
Vol 39 ◽  
pp. 243-249
Author(s):  
Tokimasa Goto ◽  
Hiroyuki Tabata ◽  
Yukio Hirose
Keyword(s):  
Intermetallic Compounds ◽  
Stress Measurement ◽  
Preferred Orientation ◽  
Coarse Grain ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Melting Method ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Arc Melting ◽  
Coarse Grains ◽  
Heat Resisting Materials

The microstructures and mechanical properties of Ni-Al system intermetallic compounds used as heat resisting materials have been investigated by many researchers[l,2], but there are few studies applying X-ray stress measurement to these materials[3]. Two problems make it difficult: One is the comparatively coarse grain size, the other is the strong preferred orientation along the direction of the solidification. Therefore, it become possible to evaluate mechanical behavior in these materials, if we can measure the residual stresses correctlv by X-rays.In this paper, Ni-25mol%AI(Ni3Al) made by the arc-melting method was employed. It consists of comparatively coarse grains and has strong preferred orientation along the direction of the solidification.

Effect of preferred orientation on x-ray stress measurement in NS.5 aluminium alloy

1972 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
A L Rutledge ◽  
R M Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Aluminium Alloy ◽  
Elastic Constants ◽  
Stress Measurement ◽  
Rolling Direction ◽  
Alloy Sheet ◽  
Preferred Orientation ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Stress Measurements ◽  
Engineering Problems ◽  
Practical Engineering

This paper describes an investigation into the effect of preferred orientation on X-ray stress measurements in NS.5 aluminium-alloy sheet. When the sin2 ψ technique (1)∗ of X-ray stress measurement is applied to practical engineering problems it is necessary that the correct values of the elastic constants of the material be used to calculate the X-ray stress values. In this investigation, the X-ray values of Young's modulus E and Poisson's ratio v were found to vary significantly with the direction of stress measurement relative to the rolling direction of the sheet.

Determination of X-Ray Elastic Constants of Isotropic Materials With Non-Linear Sin2ϕ Diagrams

1993 ◽  
Vol 37 ◽  
pp. 299-304
Author(s):  
Toshihiko Sasaki ◽  
Yukio Hirose
Keyword(s):  
Residual Stresses ◽  
Stress Analysis ◽  
Elastic Constants ◽  
Axial Stress ◽  
Stress Evaluation ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Stress Components ◽  
Non Linear ◽  
Zinc Nickel

As known well, non-linear sin2ϕ diagrams are observed from materials having either steep gradients of residual stresses paralell to the surface normal of the specimen or tri-axial stress components. Many authors have reported on this problem for several processing such as polishing and grinding etc. The authors also obtained such non-linear data from an electro-plated zinc—nickel alloy. For these cases, the sin2ϕ method is inadequate for the stress evaluation. Much attention has been given to the stress analysis from about 1970s as compared to the X-ray elastic constants for this phenomenon.

The Influence of Stress Gradient on X-ray Stress Measurement

1994 ◽  
Vol 38 ◽  
pp. 463-470
Author(s):  
Masaaki Ohtsuka ◽  
Hideaki Matsuoka ◽  
Yukio Hirose ◽  
Hitoshi Ishii
Keyword(s):  
Stress Measurement ◽  
Stress Gradient ◽  
Measurement Data ◽  
Diffraction Method ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Linear Behavior ◽  
Non Linear ◽  
Machine Parts ◽  
Fine Ceramics

The various machine parts made of fine ceramics are usually finished by grinding. The X-ray elastic constants in ground ceramics are measured by the X-ray diffraction method, as a result a measurement error can occur. The cause of the error is the stress gradient in the material produced by the grinding. In the case of material in which a stress gradient is present, X-ray stress measurement data show non-linear 2θφψ- sin2 ψ diagrams. Until now, the X-ray stress measurement by the sin2ψ method makes use of effectively linear 2θφψ - sin2 ψ diagrams. In the case of 2θφψ - sin2 ψ diagrams showing non-linear behavior, however, good analysis method are generally not available.

scholarly journals Statistical analysis of the reproducibility of residual stress measurements in cold extruded parts

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fabian Jaeger ◽  
Alessandro Franceschi ◽  
Holger Hoche ◽  
Peter Groche ◽  
Matthias Oechsner
Keyword(s):  
Residual Stress ◽  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Stress Measurement ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
Cold Extrusion ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Forming Process ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Stress States ◽  
Key Aspects

AbstractCold extruded components are characterized by residual stresses, which originate from the experienced manufacturing process. For industrial applications, reproducibility and homogeneity of the final components are key aspects for an optimized quality control. Although striving to obtain identical deformation and surface conditions, fluctuation in the manufacturing parameters and contact shear conditions during the forming process may lead to variations of the spatial residual stress distribution in the final product. This could lead to a dependency of the residual stress measurement results on the relative axial and circumferential position on the sample. An attempt to examine this problem is made by the employment of design of experiments (DoE) methods. A statistical analysis of the residual stress results generated through X-Ray diffraction is performed. Additionally, the ability of cold extrusion processes to generate uniform stress states is analyzed on specimens of austenitic stainless steel 1.4404 and possible correlations with the pre-deformed condition are statistically examined. Moreover, the influence of the coating, consisting of oxalate and a MoS2 based lubricant, on the X-Ray diffraction measurements of the surface is investigated.

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