Effects Of An Acute Bout Of Resistance Exercise On Cognitive Performance In Young Adults

Increasing evidence support a beneficial role of cocoa and cocoa products on human cognition, particularly in aging populations and patients at risk. However, thorough reviews on the efficacy of cocoa on brain processes in young adults do not exist precisely due to the limited number of studies in the matter. Thus, the aim of this study was to summarize the findings on the acute and chronic effects of cocoa administration on cognitive functions and brain health in young adults. Web of Science and PubMed databases were used to search for relevant trials. Human randomized controlled studies were selected according to PRISMA guidelines. Eleven intervention studies that involved a total of 366 participants investigating the role of cocoa on cognitive performance in children and young adults (average age ≤25 years old) were finally selected. Findings from individual studies confirm that acute and chronic cocoa intake have a positive effect on several cognitive outcomes. After acute consumption, these beneficial effects seem to be accompanied with an increase in cerebral blood flow or cerebral blood oxygenation. After chronic intake of cocoa flavanols in young adults, a better cognitive performance was found together with increased levels of neurotrophins. This systematic review further supports the beneficial effect of cocoa flavanols on cognitive function and neuroplasticity and indicates that such benefits are possible in early adulthood.

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THE POSSIBILITY OF LINKING SPONTANEOUS AND INDUCED NEUROCOGNITIVE PLASTICITY: CAN COGNITIVE TRAINING INFLUENCE COMPENSATORY BRAIN ACTIVITY IN OLDER ADULTS? THEORETICAL AND EMPIRICAL PREMISES

Acta Neuropsychologica ◽

10.5604/01.3001.0014.5290 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 18 (4) ◽

pp. 507-523

Author(s):

Ludmiła Zając-Lamparska

Keyword(s):

Older Adults ◽

Young Adults ◽

Cognitive Performance ◽

Cognitive Training ◽

Study Design ◽

Successful Aging ◽

Reference Group ◽

Brain Activity ◽

Before And After ◽

Theory Of Aging

One of the most important determinants of successful aging is cognitive ability. Although cognitive decline is a well-documented phenomenon characteristic of aging, it is acknowledged that aging can also be related to cognitive neuroplasticity that allows one to compensate the decline and adapt to it. Cognitive neuroplasticity may be spontaneous or induced by external influences. An example of the former is compensatory brain activity in older adults, and the latter – improvement in cognitive functioning under the influence of cognitive training. Both the compensatory brain activity of older adults and the effectiveness of cognitive training in this age group have already been extensively studied. However, it has not yet been examined whether they can be linked. The article indicates theoretical and empirical premises for the possibility of influencing compensatory brain activity in older adults by cognitive training. In the most comprehensive way the phenomenon of compensatory brain activity in older adults is addressed by the STAC model – the Scaffolding Theory of Aging and Cognition, which also provides the theoretical grounds for the possible impact of cognitive training on compensatory brain activity. There are also empirical arguments in favour of such an impact, but they are quite limited in nature. The reason for this is the lack of research directly addressing the problem of the consistency of brain activity changes resulting from cognitive training with the assumptions of compensatory brain activity models, such as STAC. The theoretical grounds for the linkage of compensatory brain activity in older adults with the influence of cognitive training are clear. However, the analysis of the studies discussed in the article suggests that failing to embed the study design within the theoretical framework of compensatory brain activity in older adults may lead to the exclusion of factors important in drawing conclusions about this phenomenon. The following elements of the study design were identified as necessary to include: participation of young adults in the study as a reference group, usage of tasks in different difficulty levels during the measurement of brain activity and consideration of the relation between brain activity and cognitive performance, and comparison of brain activity in relation to cognitive performance before and after training in both, older and young adults.

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Effect of Intermittent Blood Volume Fluctuation of Light Resistance Exercise after Ingestion of the High-Protein Snacks on Plasma Branched-Chain Amino Acid Concentrations in Young Adults

Journal of Nutritional Science and Vitaminology ◽

10.3177/jnsv.56.255 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 56 (4) ◽

pp. 255-259 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Yushi KATO ◽

Shigeharu NUMAO ◽

Ryoko MIYAUCHI ◽

Masashige SUZUKI

Keyword(s):

Young Adults ◽

Amino Acid ◽

Resistance Exercise ◽

Blood Volume ◽

High Protein ◽

Branched Chain Amino Acid ◽

Light Resistance ◽

Branched Chain ◽

Amino Acid Concentrations

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Effects of the Amount and Frequency of Fluid Intake on Cognitive Performance and Mood among Young Adults in Baoding, Hebei, China: A Randomized Controlled Trial

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph17238813 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 17 (23) ◽

pp. 8813

Author(s):

Hairong He ◽

Jianfen Zhang ◽

Na Zhang ◽

Songming Du ◽

Shufang Liu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Randomized Controlled Trial ◽

Young Adults ◽

Cognitive Performance ◽

Fluid Intake ◽

Controlled Trial ◽

Urine Osmolality ◽

Memory Test ◽

Hydration Status ◽

Randomized Controlled ◽

Time Point

Water is a critical nutrient that is important for the maintenance of the physiological function of the human body. This article aimed to investigate the effects of the amount and frequency of fluid intake on cognitive performance and mood. A double-blinded randomized controlled trial was designed and implemented on college students aged 18–23 years in Baoding, China. Participants were randomly assigned into one of three groups: the recommended behavior group (RB group) who drank 200 mL of water every 2 h, the half amount group (HA group) who drank 100 mL of water every 2 h, and the high frequency group (HF group) who drank 110 mL of water every 1 h. The intervention lasted 2 days. Urine osmolality, cognitive performance, and mood of participants in each group were compared using the one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). A total of 92 participants (46 females, 46 males) completed this study with a completion rate of 95.8%. The urine osmolality of the HA group was higher than that of the RB group and the HF group at two time points (p < 0.05). At time point 1, the scores in the portrait memory test and vigor were statistically different (F = 20.45, p < 0.001; F = 5.46, p = 0.006). It was found that the scores for the portrait memory test in the RB group were lower than those in the HA group and the HF group (p = 0.007; p < 0.001), while the scores of the HF group were higher than those of the HA group (p < 0.001). The scores for vigor in the RB group were significantly higher than those of the HA group (p = 0.006), and they were also significantly higher than those of the HF group (p = 0.004). At time point 2, only the scores for vigor were statistically different (F = 3.80, p = 0.026). It was found that the scores for vigor in the RB group were higher than those in the HA group and HF group (p = 0.018; p = 0.019). Both the amount and frequency of fluid intake may affect urine osmolality and vigor, but these factors have limited impacts on cognitive performance. Rational fluid intake behavior may be beneficial to improve the hydration status and mood of young adults. More research is needed, especially experimental research, to allow causal conclusions to be drawn.

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Corticomotor Excitability is Increased Following an Acute Bout of Blood Flow Restriction Resistance Exercise

Frontiers in Human Neuroscience ◽

10.3389/fnhum.2015.00652 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 9 ◽

Cited By ~ 23

Author(s):

Christopher Roy Brandner ◽

Stuart Anthony Warmington ◽

Dawson John Kidgell

Keyword(s):

Blood Flow ◽

Resistance Exercise ◽

Blood Flow Restriction ◽

Acute Bout ◽

Corticomotor Excitability ◽

Flow Restriction

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The Effects Of Acute Resistance Exercise Among Young Adults: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise ◽

10.1249/01.mss.0000764608.77839.7d ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 53 (8S) ◽

pp. 460-461

Author(s):

Brett R. Gordon ◽

Cillian P. McDowell ◽

Mark Lyons ◽

Matthew P. Herring

Keyword(s):

Randomized Controlled Trial ◽

Young Adults ◽

Resistance Exercise ◽

Controlled Trial ◽

Randomized Controlled

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Carbohydrate Supplementation and Immune Responses after Acute Exhaustive Resistance Exercise

International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism ◽

10.1123/ijsnem.18.3.247 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 18 (3) ◽

pp. 247-259 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Lara A. Carlson ◽

Samuel Headley ◽

Jason DeBruin ◽

Alex P. Tuckow ◽

Alexander J. Koch ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Immune Responses ◽

Resistance Exercise ◽

Serum Cortisol ◽

Weight Lifting ◽

Ice Hockey ◽

Track And Field ◽

Plasma Lactate ◽

Double Blind ◽

Acute Bout ◽

Carbohydrate Supplementation

This investigation sought to study changes in leukocyte subsets after an acute bout of resistance exercise (ARE) and to determine whether ingestion of carbohydrate (CHO) could attenuate those immune responses. Nine male track-and-field athletes (21.1 ± 1.4 yr, 177.2 ± 5.5 cm, 80.9 ± 9.7 kg, 8.7% ± 3.8% fat) and 10 male ice hockey athletes (21.0 ± 2.2 yr, 174.3 ± 6.2 cm, 79.6 ±11.1 kg, 13.9% ± 3.73% fat) participated in 2 different ARE protocols. Both experiments employed a counterbalanced double-blind research design, wherein participants consumed either a CHO (1 g/kg body weight) or placebo beverage before, during, and after a weight-lifting session. Serum cortisol decreased (p < .05) at 90 min into recovery compared with immediately postexercise. Plasma lactate, total leukocyte, neutrophil, and monocyte concentrations increased (p < .05) from baseline to immediately postexercise. Lymphocytes decreased significantly (p < .05) from baseline to 90 min postexercise. Lymphocytes were lower (p < .05) for the CHO condition than for placebo. The findings of this study indicate the following: ARE appears to evoke changes in immune cells similar to those previously reported during endurance exercise, and CHO ingestion attenuates lymphocytosis after ARE.

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