scholarly journals Financial Incentives and the Fertility-Sex Ratio Trade-Off

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 27-57 ◽  
Author(s):  
S Anukriti
Keyword(s):  
Sex Ratio ◽  
Financial Incentives ◽  
Sex Selection ◽  
Son Preference ◽  
Easy Access ◽  
Sex Ratio At Birth ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Limited Role ◽  
Lower Fertility ◽  
Do So

Can financial incentives resolve the fertility-sex ratio trade-off faced by countries with persistent son preference and easy access to sex-selection technology? An Indian program, Devi Rupak, that seeks to lower fertility and the sex ratio is unable to do so. Although fertility decreases, the sex ratio at birth worsens as high son preference families are unwilling to forgo a son despite substantially higher benefits for a daughter. Thus, financial incentives may only play a limited role in the resolution of the fertility-sex ratio conflict. (JEL I38, J13, J16, J18, O15)

Son preference and the sex ratio at birth in China: A provincial level analysis

1997 ◽  
Vol 44 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 55-76 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dudley L. Poston ◽  
Baochang Gu ◽  
Peihang Peggy Liu ◽  
Terra McDaniel
Keyword(s):  
Sex Ratio ◽  
Son Preference ◽  
Sex Ratio At Birth ◽  
Provincial Level ◽  
Level Analysis

scholarly journals Sex Selection and Gender Balance

2011 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 214-244 ◽  
Author(s):  
V Bhaskar
Keyword(s):  
Sex Ratio ◽  
Population Growth ◽  
Marriage Market ◽  
Sex Selection ◽  
Son Preference ◽  
Market Selection ◽  
Excess Supply ◽  
Gender Balance ◽  
Biased Sex Ratio ◽  
And Gender

We model the equilibrium sex ratio when parents can choose the sex of their child. With intrinsic son preference, sex selection results in a male-biased sex ratio. This is inefficient due to a marriage market congestion externality. Medical innovations that facilitate selection aggravate the inefficiency. If son preference arises endogenously, due to population growth causing an excess supply of women on the marriage market, selection may improve welfare. Empirically, sex selection causes an excess of males and reduces welfare in China. In most parts of India, cohort sizes are growing, implying an excess supply of women. (JEL J12, J13, J16, O15, P23)

Sex ratio at birth and son preference

2000 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 91-107 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nan Li ◽  
Marcus W. Feldman ◽  
Shripad Tuljapurkar
Keyword(s):  
Sex Ratio ◽  
Son Preference ◽  
Sex Ratio At Birth

scholarly journals Patrilocality and Child Sex Ratios in India

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Srinivas Goli ◽  
Somya Arora ◽  
Neha Jain ◽  
TV Sekher
Keyword(s):  
Sex Ratio ◽  
Sex Ratios ◽  
Later Life ◽  
Sex Selection ◽  
Security Measures ◽  
Economic Progress ◽  
Kinship System ◽  
Lower Fertility ◽  
Accepted Practice ◽  
The Relationship

In multi-level and multi-layered foundations of gendered approaches for understanding the kinship system, son preferences, and male-skewed child sex ratios in India; patriarchy, and patrilineality have received greater attention than patrilocality. To fill this gap, in this study, we construct a measure of patrilocality and examine its association with skewed child sex ratios. We hypothesize that households practice sex selection and daughter discrimination because of patrilocal norms that dictate the later life co-residence between parents and sons. Our findings reveal that the child sex ratio, the sex ratio at birth, and the sex ratio at last birth are positively correlated with the patrilocality rates across states and districts of India. The relationship holds across the multiple robustness checks. Findings, although not surprising, emerge from the robust empirical analyses at a time when child sex ratios continue to worsen in India, notwithstanding the country’s socio-economic progress. We conclude that in the absence of strong social security measures and lack of preference for old-age homes amidst the accepted practice of patrilocality coupled with increasing lower fertility norms, the dependency on sons will continue and further lead to the continuation of sex selection in India.

scholarly journals Sex-selective Abortion Bans are Not Associated with Changes in Sex Ratios at Birth in Illinois and Pennsylvania

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sital Kalantry
Keyword(s):  
Sex Ratio ◽  
Census Data ◽  
Sex Ratios ◽  
State Legislatures ◽  
The United States ◽  
Sex Selection ◽  
Sex Ratio At Birth ◽  
Selective Abortion ◽  
Sex Selective Abortion ◽  
Newborn Children

Legal prohibitions on sex-selective abortions are proliferating in the United States. Eight state legislatures have banned abortions sought on the basis of the sex of the fetus, 21 states have considered such laws since 2009, and a similar bill is pending in U.S. Congress. These laws have been introduced and enacted without any empirical data about their impact or effectiveness. Prior studies of U.S. Census data found sex ratios among foreign-born Chinese, Korean and Indian immigrants were skewed in favor of boys, but only in families where there were already one or two girls. Using the variation in the timing of bans in Illinois and Pennsylvania as natural experiments, we compare the pre-ban and post-ban sex ratios of certain Asian newborn children in these states over 12-year periods. We then compare these ratios with the sex ratios of Asian newborn children in neighboring states during the same period. We find that the bans in Illinois and Pennsylvania are not associated with any changes in sex ratios at birth among Asians. In Illinois and its neighboring states, the sex ratio at birth of Asian children was not male-biased during our study period. On the other hand, the sex ratio at birth among Asians in Pennsylvania and its neighboring states was skewed slightly in favor of boys, but the enactment of the ban did not normalize the sex ratio. This strongly suggests that sex-selective abortion bans have had no impact on the practice of sex selection, to the extent that it occurs, in these states. This finding is highly relevant to legislative and policy debates in the U.S. Congress and state legislatures where sex-selective abortion laws are being considered.Published: Sex-selective Abortion Bans are Not Associated with Changes in Sex Ratios at Birth in Illinois and Pennsylvania (with Arindam Nandi and Brian Citro), Forum on Health and Economic Policy, December 2014 (peer-reviewed journal).

scholarly journals Is sex ratio at birth an appropriate measure of prenatal sex selection? Findings of a theoretical model and its application to India

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. e000675 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sylvie Dubuc ◽  
Devinderjit Singh Sivia
Keyword(s):  
Sex Ratio ◽  
Behavioural Change ◽  
Uttar Pradesh ◽  
Sex Selection ◽  
Sex Ratio At Birth ◽  
Asian Countries ◽  
Fertility Reduction ◽  
Squeeze Effect ◽  
India And China ◽  
Selection Practices

Son preference and prenatal sex selection against females have resulted in significant sex ratio at birth (SRB) imbalances well documented in several Asian countries, including India and China. The SRB bias is generally used as indicator for the extent and trends of prenatal sex selection against females. Decreasing fertility levels are expected to increase sex selection and thus SRB bias, since desiring fewer children increases the risk for families to remain sonless (fertility squeeze effect). We developed and employ mathematical models linking family size, birth order and childbearing strategies with population SRB bias. We show that SRB bias can increase despite fewer sex selection interventions occurring, inconsistent with the expectation of the fertility squeeze effect. We show that a disproportionality effect of fertility reduction amplifies SRB bias, in addition to the fertility squeeze effect, making SRB bias an inaccurate indicator for changes in sex selection practices within a population. We propose to use sex selection propensity (proportion of couples intervening) to measure behavioural change and evaluate policies targeting sex selection practices. We apply our findings to India, showing for instance that sex selection propensity in Punjab and Delhi was lower than in Rajasthan or Uttar Pradesh, despite significantly higher SRB bias in the former. While we observe a continuous overall increase in the SRB over the 2005–2010 period in India, our results indicate that prenatal sex selection propensity started declining during that period.

scholarly journals Sex Preferences Among Mothers Delivering at Patan Hospital

2012 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 229-232 ◽  
Author(s):  
U D Chhetri ◽  
I Ansari ◽  
S Bhandary ◽  
N Adhikari
Keyword(s):  
Sex Ratio ◽  
Previous History ◽  
Life Time ◽  
Sex Selection ◽  
Sex Ratio At Birth ◽  
Female Birth ◽  
Old Age Security ◽  
Sex Preferences ◽  
History Of ◽  
A Prospective Study

Background High sex ratios at birth (SRB) are seen in China, Taiwan, South Korea, parts of India and Vietnam. The imbalance is the result of son preference, accentuated by declining fertility. Prenatal sex determination and female feticides are common in many countries. It is reflected in sex ratio Objective To determine reasons for the preferences for different sex; to find out whether there is altered sex ratio at birth and to find out whether female feticide are common among women who had abortion. Method It is a prospective study. Women who had previous history of abortion and had delivered at Patan Hospital in the year 2066 were interviewed as per questionnaires. Results Among 560 women with total live births of 965, (462 male and 503 female) during their life time the overall sex ratio was 92 male per 100 female birth; total abortions were 663. Preferences for male were 10%, female 15.4% and either was for 74%. The reason for male preference was to continue family lineage, to bring honor, old age security, and performing funeral rites while the reasons for daughter preferences were that they understand mother’s pain, help in household work. The sex ratio of the babies born during the study period was 113 male per 100 female births. The Sex ratio at birth from 1st to 6th deliveries was 61, 79, 101, 210, 286 and 1100 male per 100 female birth respectively. Prenatal sex selection was 8% (by USG) but none had sex selected abortion. ConclusionSex ratio of those delivered during the study period was skewed (136 boys per 100 girls) towards male. There was shift in SRB in 4th and subsequent pregnancies in favor of boys. As the male sex ratio increased the number of induced abortion decreased in subsequent pregnancies.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/kumj.v9i4.6334 Kathmandu Univ Med J 2011;9(4):229-232 

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