Orchestrating Information Acquisition

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 420-465
Author(s):  
Jingfeng Lu ◽  
Lixin Ye ◽  
Xin Feng
Keyword(s):  
Acquisition Cost ◽  
Information Acquisition ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
Private Values

We study how to orchestrate information acquisition in an environment where bidders endowed with original estimates (“types”) about their private values can acquire further information by incurring a cost. We consider both single-round and fully sequential short-listing rules. The optimal single-round shortlisting rule admits the set of most efficient bidders that maximizes expected virtual surplus adjusted by the second-stage signal and information acquisition cost. When shortlisting is fully sequential, at each round, the most efficient remaining bidder is admitted provided that her conditional expected contribution to the virtual surplus is positive. (JEL D44, D82, D83)

scholarly journals Information Acquisition in a War of Attrition

2014 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 37-78 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kyungmin Kim ◽  
Frances Zhiyun Xu Lee
Keyword(s):  
Acquisition Cost ◽  
Information Acquisition ◽  
Symmetric Equilibrium ◽  
War Of Attrition ◽  
Expected Payoffs

We consider a war of attrition where the players can learn about a state that determines their payoffs at stochastic deadline. We study how the incentives to acquire information depend on the (un) verifiability of information and its implications for efficiency. Unverifiability creates distortions (strategic delay in concession or duplication in information acquisition), but encourages information acquisition. In our model, provided that the information acquisition cost is small, these two effects cancel each other out and the players' expected payoffs in symmetric equilibrium are identical whether information is verifiable or not. We also show that shortening deadlines may prolong the conflict. (JEL C72, D82, D83)

Information-Based Revolution in Military Affairs

2018 ◽  
pp. 7302-7311
Author(s):  
Rafal Kopec
Keyword(s):  
Information Processing ◽  
Information Acquisition ◽  
Technology Development ◽  
Armed Conflicts ◽  
Military Technology ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
Military Transformation ◽  
Revolution In Military Affairs ◽  
Acquisition Information ◽  
The Subject

The subject of the article is the Information-Based Revolution in Military Affairs (RMA). The concept of RMA is identified as a way to increase combat capabilities based on a synergy between three spheres: information acquisition, information processing and transfer, and making use of information in order to enhance firepower. RMA includes following key elements, that is, technological change, doctrinal, strategic, operational and tactical change, and transformation of military organizational structure. Paradoxically, military transformation takes place while the pace of military technology development decreases, which poses a significant inhibitor. Consequently, only the first RMA stage – computerization – might be recognized as a relatively advanced one, whereas its second stage – networking – is far from this level. The paper's aim is to present the RMA concept and its practical application in transformation of military forces. The paper examines also to what extent expectations emerging from RMA have been fulfilled in armed conflicts over the last two decades.

Information-Based Revolution in Military Affairs

2019 ◽  
pp. 493-504
Author(s):  
Rafal Kopec
Keyword(s):  
Information Processing ◽  
Information Acquisition ◽  
Technology Development ◽  
Armed Conflicts ◽  
Military Technology ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
Military Transformation ◽  
Revolution In Military Affairs ◽  
Acquisition Information ◽  
The Subject

The subject of the chapter is the information-based revolution in military affairs (RMA). The concept of RMA is identified as a way to increase combat capabilities based on a synergy between three spheres: information acquisition, information processing and transfer, and making use of information in order to enhance firepower. RMA includes the following key elements: technological change, doctrinal, strategic, operational and tactical change, and transformation of military organizational structure. Paradoxically, military transformation takes place while the pace of military technology development decreases, which poses a significant inhibitor. Consequently, only the first RMA stage—computerization—might be recognized as a relatively advanced one, whereas its second stage—networking—is far from this level. The chapter's aim is to present the RMA concept and its practical application in transformation of military forces. The chapter examines to what extent expectations emerging from RMA have been fulfilled in armed conflicts over the last two decades.

scholarly journals Divide and Inform: Rationing Information to Facilitate Persuasion

2017 ◽  
Vol 92 (5) ◽  
pp. 167-199 ◽  
Author(s):  
Beatrice Michaeli
Keyword(s):  
Acquisition Cost ◽  
Information Acquisition ◽  
Common Belief ◽  
Access To Information ◽  
Precise Information ◽  
Delayed Choice ◽  
Aggregate Information ◽  
Unrestricted Access ◽  
The Common ◽  
To Receive

ABSTRACT This paper develops a Bayesian persuasion model that examines a manager's incentives to gather information when the manager can disseminate this information selectively to interested parties (“users”) and when the objectives of the manager and the users are not perfectly aligned. The model predicts that if the manager can choose the subset of users to receive the information, then the manager may gather more precise information. The paper identifies conditions under which a regime that allows managers to grant access to information selectively maximizes aggregate information. Strikingly, this happens when the objectives of managers and users are sufficiently misaligned. This finding is robust to variations of the model, such as information acquisition cost, unobservable precision, sequential noisy actions taken by the users, and delayed choice of the subset of users in “the know.” These results call into doubt the common belief that forcing managers to provide unrestricted access to information to all potential users is always beneficial.

Altered Fine Structure of B Lymphocytes Correlated with Defective Terminal Differentiation

1973 ◽  
Vol 31 ◽  
pp. 386-387
Author(s):  
Dale E. Bockman ◽  
L. Y. Frank Wu ◽  
Alexander R. Lawton ◽  
Max D. Cooper
Keyword(s):  
Immune Deficiency ◽  
B Lymphocytes ◽  
Plasma Cells ◽  
Present Report ◽  
Specific Antigen ◽  
Terminal Differentiation ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
Two Stages ◽  
Deficiency Diseases ◽  
Cell Line Generation

B-lymphocytes normally synthesize small amounts of immunoglobulin, some of which is incorporated into the cell membrane where it serves as receptor of antigen. These cells, on contact with specific antigen, proliferate and differentiate to plasma cells which synthesize and secrete large quantities of immunoglobulin. The two stages of differentiation of this cell line (generation of B-lymphocytes and antigen-driven maturation to plasma cells) are clearly separable during ontogeny and in some immune deficiency diseases. The present report describes morphologic aberrations of B-lymphocytes in two diseases in which second stage differentiation is defective.

Cryomicroscopy of multiphase latices

1991 ◽  
Vol 49 ◽  
pp. 1060-1061
Author(s):  
O. L. Shaffer ◽  
M.S. El-Aasser ◽  
C. L. Zhao ◽  
M. A. Winnik ◽  
R. R. Shivers
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Radiation Damage ◽  
Freeze Fracture ◽  
Particle Morphology ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Important Approach ◽  
Carbon Coated ◽  
Preparation Techniques

Transmission electron microscopy is an important approach to the characterization of the morphology of multiphase latices. Various sample preparation techniques have been applied to multiphase latices such as OsO4, RuO4 and CsOH stains to distinguish the polymer phases or domains. Radiation damage by an electron beam of latices imbedded in ice has also been used as a technique to study particle morphology. Further studies have been developed in the use of freeze-fracture and the effect of differential radiation damage at liquid nitrogen temperatures of the latex particles embedded in ice and not embedded.Two different series of two-stage latices were prepared with (1) a poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) seed and poly(styrene) (PS) second stage; (2) a PS seed and PMMA second stage. Both series have varying amounts of second-stage monomer which was added to the seed latex semicontinuously. A drop of diluted latex was placed on a 200-mesh Formvar-carbon coated copper grid.

Observations on the growth of barium bismuth oxide thin films

1992 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 76-77
Author(s):  
M G. Norton ◽  
E.S. Hellman ◽  
E.H. Hartford ◽  
C.B. Carter
Keyword(s):  
Substrate Temperature ◽  
Deposition Process ◽  
Nucleation Layer ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
Device Applications ◽  
High Transition ◽  
Substrate Temperatures ◽  
Oriented Material ◽  
Barium Bismuth ◽  
Superconductor Device

The bismuthates (for example, Ba1-xKxBiO3) represent a class of high transition temperature superconductors. The lack of anisotropy and the long coherence length of the bismuthates makes them technologically interesting for superconductor device applications. To obtain (100) oriented Ba1-xKxBiO3 films on (100) oriented MgO, a two-stage deposition process is utilized. In the first stage the films are nucleated at higher substrate temperatures, without the potassium. This process appears to facilitate the formation of the perovskite (100) orientation on (100) MgO. This nucleation layer is typically between 10 and 50 nm thick. In the second stage, the substrate temperature is reduced and the Ba1-xKxBiO3 is grown. Continued growth of (100) oriented material is possible at the lower substrate temperature.

Second stage of labor in the age of epidural anesthesia

1998 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 171A-171A
Author(s):  
E XENAKIS ◽  
J PIPER ◽  
M MCFARLAND ◽  
C SUITER ◽  
O LANGER
Keyword(s):  
Epidural Anesthesia ◽  
Second Stage Of Labor ◽  
Second Stage
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