Hispanic and Asian Earnings Inequality: New Workers and Immigrants

2020 ◽  
Vol 110 ◽  
pp. 442-446
Author(s):  
Randall Akee ◽  
Maggie R. Jones ◽  
Sonya R. Porter ◽  
Emilia Simeonova
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Panel Data ◽  
Census Data ◽  
Earnings Inequality ◽  
Internal Revenue Service ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Internal Revenue ◽  
Us Census ◽  
The Impact ◽  
New Immigrant

Using confidential-use, individual-level Internal Revenue Service and US Census data, we follow the earnings of Hispanics and Asians between the ages of 18-45 with panel data that spans the years 2005-2014. These two groups represent the largest immigration flows in recent years. We examine the impact that labor market entrants and new immigrant arrivals within each group have on group earnings inequality. We show that labor market entrants and immigrants increase inequality for both groups.

scholarly journals The Impact of the Capture of Leaders of Criminal Organizations on the Labor Market: Evidence from Mexico

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Osuna Gómez ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Census Data ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Difference Analysis ◽  
Criminal Organizations ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Economic Census ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Integral Assessment ◽  
The Impact

This paper estimates the impact of the capture of leaders of criminal organizations on the labor market in municipalities where these organizations operated between 2004 and 2006. The difference-in-difference analysis compares different employment outcomes in cartel locations and the rest, before and after the capture of cartel leaders. The results show that captures caused a decrease in nominal wages and paid employment in cartel municipalities. Using Economic Census Data, I find that captures also caused a fall in the number of establishments and had a negative impact on other establishment outcomes. This document focuses exclusively on the impact of the capture of leaders of criminal organizations on the labor market until 2011 without studying other possible consequences, and thus does not make an integral assessment of this policy

scholarly journals Estimated Burden of Community-Onset Respiratory Syncytial Virus–Associated Hospitalizations Among Children Aged <2 Years in the United States, 2014–15

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 587-595 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carmen S Arriola ◽  
Lindsay Kim ◽  
Gayle Langley ◽  
Evan J Anderson ◽  
Kyle Openo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Syncytial Virus ◽  
Census Data ◽  
The United States ◽  
Surveillance Network ◽  
Detection Probabilities ◽  
Syncytial Virus ◽  
Us Children ◽  
Us Census ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Community Onset

Abstract Background Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a major cause of hospitalizations in young children. We estimated the burden of community-onset RSV-associated hospitalizations among US children aged &lt;2 years by extrapolating rates of RSV-confirmed hospitalizations in 4 surveillance states and using probabilistic multipliers to adjust for ascertainment biases. Methods From October 2014 through April 2015, clinician-ordered RSV tests identified laboratory-confirmed RSV hospitalizations among children aged &lt;2 years at 4 influenza hospitalization surveillance network sites. Surveillance populations were used to estimate age-specific rates of RSV-associated hospitalization, after adjusting for detection probabilities. We extrapolated these rates using US census data. Results We identified 1554 RSV-associated hospitalizations in children aged &lt;2 years. Of these, 27% were admitted to an intensive care unit, 6% needed mechanical ventilation, and 5 died. Most cases (1047/1554; 67%) had no underlying condition. Adjusted age-specific RSV hospitalization rates per 100 000 population were 1970 (95% confidence interval [CI],1787 to 2177), 897 (95% CI, 761 to 1073), 531 (95% CI, 459 to 624), and 358 (95% CI, 317 to 405) for ages 0–2, 3–5, 6–11, and 12–23 months, respectively. Extrapolating to the US population, an estimated 49 509–59 867 community-onset RSV-associated hospitalizations among children aged &lt;2 years occurred during the 2014–2015 season. Conclusions Our findings highlight the importance of RSV as a cause of hospitalization, especially among children aged &lt;2 months. Our approach to estimating RSV-related hospitalizations could be used to provide a US baseline for assessing the impact of future interventions.

scholarly journals Port-of-Entry Neighborhood and Its Effects on the Economic Success of Refugees in Sweden

2018 ◽  
Vol 53 (3) ◽  
pp. 671-705 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roger Andersson ◽  
Sako Musterd ◽  
George Galster
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Panel Data ◽  
Ethnic Group ◽  
Instrumental Variable ◽  
Group Composition ◽  
Economic Success ◽  
Instrumental Variable Regression ◽  
Working Age ◽  
Permanent Settlement ◽  
The Impact

We investigate the degree to which the ethnic group composition of “port-of-entry neighborhood” (PoE), the first permanent settlement after immigration, affects the employment prospects of refugees in Sweden during the subsequent 10 years. We use panel data on working-age adults from Iran, Iraq, and Somalia immigrating into Sweden from 1995 to 2004. We control for initial individual and labor market characteristics, use instrumental variable regression to avoid bias from geographic selection, and stratify models by gender and co-ethnic employment and education rates within the neighborhood. We find that the impact of co-ethnic neighbors in the PoE varies dramatically by gender.

scholarly journals Unemployment, Trust in Government, and Satisfaction with Democracy: An Empirical Investigation

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 237802311775053 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul C. Bauer
Keyword(s):  
Life Satisfaction ◽  
Panel Data ◽  
Strong Evidence ◽  
Employment Status ◽  
Empirical Investigation ◽  
Causal Link ◽  
Trust In Government ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Satisfaction With Democracy ◽  
The Impact

Evidence suggests that unemployment negatively affects various aspects of individuals’ lives. The author investigates whether unemployment changes individuals’ political evaluations in the form of trust in government and satisfaction with democracy. While most research in this area operates on the macro level, the author provides individual-level evidence. In doing so, the author investigates the assumed causal link with panel data from Switzerland and the Netherlands. In addition, the author studies the impact on life satisfaction, a “control outcome,” known to be affected by unemployment. Although there is strong evidence that changes in employment status do affect life satisfaction, effects on trust in government and satisfaction with democracy seem mostly absent or negligible in size.

scholarly journals When the Census Comes Marching In: Challenges and Successes in Linking Individual-Level Census Records to the Utah Population Database

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ken Smith ◽  
Alison Fraser
Keyword(s):  
Census Data ◽  
Later Life ◽  
The United States ◽  
University Of Minnesota ◽  
Life Outcomes ◽  
Population Database ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Early Life Conditions ◽  
Household Heads ◽  
Us Census

IntroductionThe availability of historic, individual-level census records in the United States has grown in recent years. With access to identifiers, it is possible to link these records to existing databases. The performance of and strategy for these linking efforts is not well characterized. Objectives and ApproachThe Utah Population Database (UPDB), launched in 1975, is a population registry comprising comprehensive data from genealogies, medical/vital records, and numerous administrative and demographic records spanning the past two centuries. UPDB initially did not hold individual-level US Census records until now. UPDB has massive volumes of identifiers that we have cleaned and it therefore represents a “gold standard” representation of Utah’s population. The objective here is to describe the methods used and the record linking performance applied to census records that we have linked to the UPDB for persons appearing in the 1880, 1900, 1910, 1920, 1930 and 1940 censuses. ResultsWe collaborated with FamilyTree, Ancestry, and IPUMS (University of Minnesota) for keying and preparing data from the 1880-1940 censuses.  We then linked these records to the UPDB using probabilistic record linking methods and manual review.   Linking rates by census year varied by the quality of records and electronic data capture and by specific Census fields for a given census.  Data quality was somewhat lower for the 1910 and 1940 censuses and hence they had lower linking rates (66.9% and 70.4, respectively). Household heads enjoyed higher linking rates (72% was the lowest, in 1940). We used household heads to help guide links to offspring and spouses whose linking rates exceeded 75% in general.  Non-family members and single men linked at much lower rates (<50%). Conclusion/ImplicationsThis study found that linking census records to an existing population registry is feasible and with relative success. Using household/genealogy structure of the census is useful when linking to the genealogies in the UPDB. These links allow studies of effects of early life conditions on later life outcomes.

scholarly journals The Impact of Postponing 2020 Tokyo Olympics on The Happiness of O-MO-TE-NA-SHI Workers in Tourism: A Consequence of COVID-19

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eiji Yamamura ◽  
Yoshiro Tsutsui
Keyword(s):  
Panel Data ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Sporting Event ◽  
Japanese Workers ◽  
The World ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Postponement ◽  
Happiness Level

The 2020 Tokyo Olympics has been postponed due to the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic. The implications for industries related to the Olympics&mdash;tourism, hotels and restaurants, and others&mdash;are expected to be affected by reduced demand. Japanese workers in these industries were prepared to offer their hospitality to visitors from around the world. They would be satisfied from not only an increase in income but also in offering visitors a taste of Tokyo&rsquo;s great hospitality if the Olympics had been held in 2020. However, postponement of the sporting event is likely to have a significant impact on their happiness level. We independently collected individual-level panel data from March to April 2020. Based on this, we found that the happiness level of workers in the tourism and restaurant sectors declined drastically after the announcement of the postponement. Only two weeks later, their happiness level did not alter from the pre-announcement level. This tendency was strongly observed in Tokyo and the surrounding prefectures, but not in other prefectures. However, workers engaged in the tourism and restaurant sectors did not predict a decrease in their income even after the postponement. Combined, these findings indicate that loss of extending hospitality, rather than reduction in income, temporarily reduces the happiness level of workers.

scholarly journals The Impact of Postponing 2020 Tokyo Olympics on the Happiness of O-MO-TE-NA-SHI Workers in Tourism: A Consequence of COVID-19

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (19) ◽  
pp. 8168
Author(s):  
Eiji Yamamura ◽  
Yoshiro Tsutsui
Keyword(s):  
Panel Data ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Sporting Event ◽  
Japanese Workers ◽  
The World ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Postponement ◽  
Happiness Level

The 2020 Tokyo Olympics have been postponed due to the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic. The implications for industries related to the Olympics—tourism, hotels and restaurants, and others—are expected to be affected by reduced demand. Japanese workers in these industries were prepared to offer their hospitality to visitors from around the world. They would be benefited not only by an increase in income but also in offering visitors a taste of Tokyo’s great hospitality if the Olympics had been held in 2020. However, postponement of the sporting event is likely to have a significant impact on their happiness level. We independently collected individual-level panel data from March to April 2020. In the survey, the respondents were asked about their happiness levels by choosing from 11 categories: 1 (very unhappy) and 11 (very happy). They were also asked about expected income changes from 2020 to 2021. Based on this, we examined the effect of postponement on happiness level and expected income change. The sample was divided into sub-samples of areas including and excluding Tokyo. We found that the happiness level of workers in the tourism and restaurant sectors declined drastically after the announcement of the postponement. Only two weeks later, their happiness level did not alter from the pre-announcement level. This tendency was strongly observed in Tokyo and the surrounding prefectures, but not in other prefectures. However, workers engaged in the tourism and restaurant sectors did not predict a decrease in their income even after the postponement. Combined, these findings indicate that loss of extending hospitality, rather than reduction in income, temporarily reduces the happiness level of workers.

scholarly journals Distributional consequences of technological change: Worker-level evidence

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 205316801882214 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Kurer ◽  
Aina Gallego
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Technological Change ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Political Conflict ◽  
Economic Implications ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Country Level ◽  
Employment Trajectories ◽  
Routine Work ◽  
The Impact

This paper explores the employment trajectories of workers exposed to technological change. Based on individual-level panel data from the UK, we first confirm that the share of middle-skilled routine workers has declined, while non-routine jobs in both high- and low-skilled occupations have increased, consistent with country-level patterns of job polarization. Next, we zoom in on the actual transition patterns of threatened routine workers. Despite the aggregate decline in routine work, most affected workers manage to remain in the labor market during the time they are in the study: about 64% “survive” in routine work, 24% switch to other (better or worse paying) jobs, almost 10% exit routine work via retirement and only a small minority end up unemployed. Based on this finding, the final part of our analysis studies the economic implications of remaining in a digitalizing occupational environment. We rely on an original approach that specifically captures the impact of information and communication technology at the industry level on labor market outcomes and find evidence for a digital Matthew effect: while outcomes are, on average, positive, it is first and foremost non-routine workers in cognitively demanding jobs that benefit from the penetration of new technologies in the workplace. In the conclusions, we discuss if labor market polarization is a likely source of intensified political conflict.

The Impact of Section 7491 on Requirements for Timely Filing Tax Returns

2004 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-25
Author(s):  
A. Blair Staley ◽  
Donald T. Williamson
Keyword(s):  
Burden Of Proof ◽  
Internal Revenue Service ◽  
Internal Revenue ◽  
Tax Returns ◽  
The Law ◽  
The Impact

Section 7502 of the Internal Revenue Code (“I.R.C.”) provides that a timely filed tax return or other document will be considered received by the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) when mailed. Courts differ on whether I.R.C. § 7502 precludes a taxpayer from presenting credible evidence other than a physical postmark to establish when and if a tax return was timely filed. The article traces the development of the law interpreting when a tax return is considered “filed” and what evidence must be presented to prove that filing. It finds that the enactment of I.R.C. § 7491 in 1998, which shifts the burden of proof to the IRS under certain circumstances, does not resolve the issue of what evidence establishes filing. Under I.R.C. § 7491, the taxpayer must first present “credible evidence” of timely filing before the burden of proof shifts to the IRS. The issue remains unresolved whether the I.R.C. § 7502 mailbox rule is the only means for proving the timely filing of a tax return.

Vocational Rehabilitation and Labor Market Outcomes: Evidence from World War I Veterans

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-24
Author(s):  
Ethan Schmick
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
World War I ◽  
Vocational Rehabilitation ◽  
Military Service ◽  
Labor Market Outcomes ◽  
Rehabilitation Program ◽  
World War ◽  
Market Outcomes ◽  
Us Census ◽  
The Impact

Abstract This article uses a linked sample of World War I Army veterans from the state of Missouri to study the impact of vocational rehabilitation on labor market outcomes for men wounded and disabled during the war. Veterans’ military service abstracts are linked to the 1940 US Census and a subset are linked to rehabilitation records. This creates a new dataset that contains information on military service, rehabilitation, and labor market outcomes. I find that 70 percent of veterans that were both wounded in action and disabled when discharged from the army participated in the rehabilitation program. These same veterans had significantly better labor market outcomes, which can be attributed to the rehabilitation program under certain assumptions.

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