Examining the Agreement Object as Good Deeds from the Consequentialism and Deontology Perspective

<em>This study aimed to analyze the agreement object as good deeds from the legal philosophy perspective. Postulated to legal positivism, this rejects the deviation of the agreement on the good deed of transplanting organs or body tissues. The results compiled using normative legal research methods described the flow of consequentialism and deontology. These doctrines state that kidney transplant procedures conducted voluntarily based on humanity have benefited recipients and donors. Therefore, they increase the happiness level of both parties without leaving the concept of Kantian moral ethics.</em>

Age and Happiness

Contrary to the common belief that the age-happiness relationship is mountain shape (the middle aged being happier than children and the aged), it is really largely U shape, with the middle aged (at around mid 30’s or 40’s) least happy. The increase from around 60 to 70’s is particularly clear. However, happiness becomes lower over the last few years of illness before passing away. The decline in happiness from around 12 years old and the trough in happiness level around middle ages may partly be explained by the delay in sleep–wake cycles of teenagers, causing conflict with their mostly middle-aged parents. Recognizing the evolutionary ultimate explanation for this delay advanced here, the society should delay start hours for high schools to fit in with the delayed biological clock of teenagers.

Tourism and Community Perception: Quest of Sustainability from Happiness Paradigm

Change is normally phenotypic and influenced by external environment however transformation is genotypic and irreversible which mostly comes from within. Social change and transformation might also be triggered by external stimulus that may be intentional or accidental. Tourism has emerged globally as one of the powerful external but intentional agents of modern society for socio-economic transformation. Namche Bazar, the gateway to Mt. Everest, experienced tremendous socio-economic transformation (genotypic) due to tourism otherwise it would simply be a seasonal resting place for Sherpa shepherds and nomads. The dichotomy of discourses on tourism lies on perspectives: tourism as a symbol of modern society or postmodernity versus tourism as a vehicle of imperialism. The former view depicts tourism as an agent of economic prosperity whereas the later claims that tourism consumes and despoils destinations’ image and essence. The imperialistic discourse on tourism is entirely built on negative hypothesis. In tourism, phenotypic impact is rather superficial and can be restored if perceived negatively unlike genotypic. Amid these positive and negative propositions, a third paradigm emerged with sustainability variant that hooked up the two juxtaposed hypotheses as an alternative model of mass tourism. It portrayed tourism as a double-edged dagger that insists on efficient and effective manipulation of tourism for positive implications. The ‘sustainable tourism’ – a buzzword among tourism academia - stands in favor of planned, managed, controlled and responsible tourism. However, the crux of sustainable tourism lies in the quantification and measurement of sustainability. A sustainability premise of a stakeholder at the destination might be unsustainable for the other as like of economists and environmentalists for example. The incongruity perspectives have troubled the tourism academia to quantify, measure and analyze the indicators of sustainable tourism from unanimous parameters. This study is, therefore, an attempt to analyze the sustainability of a tourism destination via happiness (hedonic as well as eudaemonic) parameters of the community people, one of the main stakeholders in the destination and yet do not directly thrive on tourism business. The paper is directed by a thematic proposition ‘the more the happiness level of stakeholders, the better will be the sustainability situation of the destination’.

SUBJECTIVE WELLBEING OF BANGKOK CITIZENS USING THE EXPERIENCE SAMPLING METHOD

The question of what makes people happy still needs to be figured out. We used the Experience Sampling Method (ESM) to collect data from the participants. Our participants are Bangkok citizens and are required to use the LINE application, the most famous chatting application in Thailand, for connecting to our chatbot named AI-oon, developed for sending questionnaires to our participants. AI-oon would send surveys consisting of 2 questions: (1) What are you doing at that moment?, and (2) How will you rate your emotion?. We eventually analysed the data from 79 participants that contributed for 7 consecutive days. Then, we discovered that eating tends to be the activity that shows the highest level of happiness. On the contrary, doing housework and working/studying revealed the lowest level of happiness. Interestingly, we found out that Baby boomers and Generation X are significantly happier than Generation Y and Generation Z. We expect this research could provide some useful information for further studies in order to find the cause of the happiness level in each generation. Hopefully, it could be beneficial for governments and organizations to find appropriate measures and solutions to tackle their peoples stress and enhance their happiness levels.

Urban green space and happiness in developed countries

Urban green space is thought to contribute to citizen happiness by promoting physical and mental health. Nevertheless, how urban green space and happiness are related across many countries with different socioeconomic conditions has not been explored. By measuring the urban green space score (UGS) from high-resolution satellite imagery of 90 global cities covering 179,168 km2 and 230 million people in 60 developed countries, we find that the amount of urban green space and GDP are correlated with a nation’s happiness level. More specifically, urban green space and GDP are each individually associated with happiness. Yet, only urban green space is related to happiness in the 30 wealthiest countries, whereas GDP alone can explain happiness in the subsequent 30 countries in terms of wealth. We further show that the relationship between urban green space and happiness is mediated by social support and that GDP moderates this relationship. These findings corroborate the importance of maintaining urban green space as a place for social cohesion to support people’s happiness.

THE EFFECT OF POSITIVE EMOTIONAL REGULATION TOWARDS HAPPINESS LEVEL IN MENOPAUSAL WOMEN

Background: Menopausal women experience various physical changes leading to psychological problems, such as anxiety, and may cause negative emotions. Regulating positive emotions in menopausal women may increase the happiness level in this population. Objective: This study aims to analyze the effect of positive emotional regulation towards the happiness level in menopausal women Methods: This analytic observational study utilized cross sectional design. The population was all female elders living in community under the supervision of Kenjeran Public Health Center, and the sampel was menopausal women. The independent variable was positive emotional regulation, while the dependent variable was the happiness level. Valid and reliable questionnaires were used in data collection. Linear regression test was used in data analysis. Results: All respondents (100%) had good positive emotions, and most respondents (59.5%) had a high level of happiness. Linear regression test showed that positive emotional regulation affected the happiness level significantly in menopausal women (p<0.05). Conclusions: Positive emotions affect the happiness level ini menopausal women.