scholarly journals Port-of-Entry Neighborhood and Its Effects on the Economic Success of Refugees in Sweden

2018 ◽  
Vol 53 (3) ◽  
pp. 671-705 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roger Andersson ◽  
Sako Musterd ◽  
George Galster

We investigate the degree to which the ethnic group composition of “port-of-entry neighborhood” (PoE), the first permanent settlement after immigration, affects the employment prospects of refugees in Sweden during the subsequent 10 years. We use panel data on working-age adults from Iran, Iraq, and Somalia immigrating into Sweden from 1995 to 2004. We control for initial individual and labor market characteristics, use instrumental variable regression to avoid bias from geographic selection, and stratify models by gender and co-ethnic employment and education rates within the neighborhood. We find that the impact of co-ethnic neighbors in the PoE varies dramatically by gender.

Author(s):  
В.Ю. Бабышев ◽  
Г. А. Барышева

В статье рассматривается занятость лиц пожилого возраста в условиях сорвеменных технологических, медицинских и демографических изменений. Актуальность темы исследования обусловлена демографическим старением населения, современными достижениями медицины и изменением характера трудовых операций в результате научно-технического прогресса. В данной статье проверены следующие конкурирующие гипотезы: производительность работников старших возрастных групп находится ниже уровня рентабельности из-за неуклонного ухудшения здоровья или, наоборот, ценность работников старших возрастных групп на современном рынке труда возрастает из-за повышения роли опыта, навыков и квалификации. Дополнительно проанализирован вопрос влияния систем пенсионного обеспечения на мотивацию лиц пожилого возраста к продолжению трудовой деятельности. Для проверки данных гипотез на основе статистики Организации экономического сотрудничества и развития проведен анализ общего уровня занятости, участия в рабочей силе и безработицы, а также временной и неполной занятости по нескольким возрастным группам в диапазоне 15-65 лет и старше. Для оценки динамики проанализирована ситуация на 2000 и 2019 гг. В целом сделан вывод, что количественные и качественные параметры занятости у работников старших возрастных групп уступают среднему рабочему возрасту, однако во временной динамике использование человеческого капитала лиц пожилого возраста растет. В области геронтологии рекомендовано уделять повышенное внимание улучшению здоровья возрастной когорты 65 лет и старше и изменению трудового законодательства в плане стимулирования продолжения трудовой деятельности после официального наступления пенсионного возраста. The article examines the employment of older people in the context of disrupted technological, medical and demographic changes. The relevance of the research topic is due to the demographic aging of the population, modern medical advances and changes in the nature of labor operations as a result of scientific and technological progress. In this article, the following competing hypotheses are tested: the productivity of older workers is below the level of profitability due to a steady decline in health, or vice versa, the value of older workers in the modern labor market is increasing due to the increasing role of experience, skills and qualifications. Additionally, the question of the impact of pension systems on the motivation of older people to continue working is analyzed. To test these hypotheses, based on OECD statistics, we analyzed the overall level of employment, labor force participation and unemployment, as well as temporary and underemployment for several age groups in the range of 15-65+ years. To assess the dynamics, the situation for 2000 and 2019 was analyzed. In general, the author concludes that the quantitative and qualitative parameters of employment of older people are inferior to the average working age, but over time, the use of the human capital of older people is growing. In the field of gerontology, it is recommended to pay increased attention to improving the health of the 65+ age cohort and changing labor legislation in order to stimulate the continuation of work.


Author(s):  
Valentina Cotelnic ◽  

Economic transformations in recent years have produced changes in the social structure, as well as profound demographic changes, which have contributed to demographic aging and declining working age populations. Changes in the structure of the population, accompanied by migration have led to a reduction in the number of people employed, as well as to changes in the structure of employment. The study reveals that the socio-economic situation in the country, the imperfect evolution of the labor market, the diffifculty of securing a decent paying job, have put a signififi cant part of the population on the path of labor migration, which for many has become a necessity rather than a choice. At the same time, the remittances transferred in favor of individuals have become the only source of income for many households. All the above issues are current and, therefore, represent the topic of this research. The research was performed using comparative analysis methods, aided by graphs. Based on the results of this research, certain conclusions and recommendations were developed in order to promote a system of measures aimed at reducing labor migration, by applying sustainable socioeconomic development programs, which would contribute to the creation of new jobs.


2021 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 106-120

The article deals with the challenges related to the integration of the labor market system in Bulgaria, on one hand, and the systems of education and training, on the other. Its objective is to analyze the country’s lifelong learning system and, in particular, its aspects related to the mapping, development and validation of skills. The study is aimed at identifying the impact which the aforementioned processes have on labor market skills matching. The analysis covers responsible institutions, stakeholders and partnerships, as well as the main strategies in the field of lifelong learning in Bulgaria. An overview of the measures in support of the access of individuals within active working age to continuing education has been made.


2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Naouel Ben Jemaa Cherif

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to investigate the impact of training on labor productivity and wages in order to examine how the benefits from training are shared between employers and employees.Design/methodology/approachThis study analyzes an industry panel covering all sectors of the Tunisian economy for the period 2000–2014. The panel structure of the data allows controlling for the endogeneity of training by using different panel data techniques.FindingsResults show that both employers and workers benefit from training since it has a positive and significant effect on productivity and wages. However, the effect of training on productivity is substantially higher than on wages, suggesting that employers obtain the largest part of the returns to training. This result is consistent with theories that explain firm-sponsored training by a compressed wage structure in imperfect labor markets.Originality/valueThis study, particularly showcasing the labor market in Tunisia, is one of the first to provide estimates for a developing country to assess the effects of training for both employer and employee. It is also among the few empirical works that analyzed the impact of training on labor productivity and wages simultaneously.


2018 ◽  
Vol 63 (05) ◽  
pp. 1319-1343 ◽  
Author(s):  
SUNGJIN CHO ◽  
JIHYE KAM ◽  
SOOHYUNG LEE

This study examines the extent to which changing the composition of college majors among working-age population may affect the supply of human capital or effective labor supply. We use the South Korean setting, in which the population is rapidly aging, but where, despite their high educational attainment, women and young adults are still weakly attached to the labor market. We find that engineering majors have an advantage in various outcomes such as likelihood of being in the labor force, being employed, obtaining long-term position, and earnings, while Humanities and Arts/Athletics majors show the worst outcomes. We then conduct a back-of-the-envelope calculation of the impact of the recently proposed policy change to increase the share of engineering majors by 10% starting in 2017. Our calculation suggests that the policy change may have a positive but small impact on labor market outcomes.


2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (241) ◽  
Author(s):  
Vivian Malta ◽  
Angelica Martinez ◽  
Marina Mendes Tavares

Female-to-male employment in Senegal increased by 14 percentage points between 2006 and 2011. During the same period years of education of the working age population increased 27 percent for females and 13 percent for males, reducing gender gaps in education. In this paper, we quantitatively investigate the impact of this increase in education on female employment in Senegal. To that end, we build an overlapping generations model that captures barriers that women face over their life-cycle. Our main findings are: (i) the improvement in years of education can explain up to 44 percent of the observed increased in female-to-male employment ratio and (ii) the rest can be explained by a decline in the discrimination against women in the labor market.


Author(s):  
Joseph Eshun ◽  
Justice Ackom Baah

Poverty is perpetuated by increased levels of corruption. It diverts resources, which denies the poor masses their right to enjoy necessities to improve their living standards. To estimate the impact of corruption on poverty, the study relied on the random effect, fixed effects and the instrumental variable regression techniques. The estimates from the instrumental variable regression show that OLS underestimates the effect of corruption on poverty levels in Africa. That's, it shows that the OLS estimates are biased downwards due to inconsistencies as a result of the endogeneity of the levels of corruption. While the instrumental variable technique produces an estimated effect ranging from .805-1.073 increased levels of corruption on lived poverty index, the OLS estimates an impact within a range of approximately .058-.168. This paper confirms the governance model of the effect of corruption on poverty through its effects on reducing the credibility of public institutions. The study thus recommends that public institutions must be strengthened, financed and be equipped to be able to apply the rule of law, thereby helping reduce corruption.


2015 ◽  
Vol 7 (6) ◽  
pp. 40-49
Author(s):  
Skibiński Andrzej

The process of reduction of the number of births, accompanied by longer life expectancy, will have serious consequences for the supply of labor force (shrinking of the working age population) on the future labor market. Labor market participation of the Visegrád Group residents is increasingly higher. In this situation, promoting labor market participation among the elderly seems a significant solution to mitigate the effects of population ageing. In view of the above, the aim of the paper is to present the impact of demographic changes on the size of labor force in the Visegrád Group countries.


2020 ◽  
Vol 28 (84) ◽  
pp. 173-195
Author(s):  
Iñaki Erauskin

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to analyze empirically the relationship between the labor share and income inequality, as measured by the Gini coefficient and by the income shares for different quintiles, during the period 1990–2015 for 62 developed and developing countries. Design/methodology/approach This study uses panel data techniques to analyze empirically the relationship between the labor share and income inequality. Findings This paper finds that a lower labor share is associated with a higher Gini coefficient. A lower labor share is found to be strongly associated with a smaller income share for the lowest two quintiles and larger income share for the highest quintile and weakly associated with a smaller income share for the third and fourth quintiles. Moreover, this paper finds that the lower the quintile, the stronger the impact of the labor share on the income share of the quintile. Social implications Policymakers should take into account the evolution of the labor share. Public policies that improve labor market outcomes, such as those aimed to promote participation in the labor market and strengthen the human capital of low-income groups, seem necessary to prevent the rise in economic inequalities. Moreover, as the digital transformation of society progresses, policies to promote skill deepening may have an important role in reversing excessive inequalities. Originality/value How changes in the labor share are associated with changes in the Gini coefficient, and how this is driven by income shares for different quintiles, for a broad range of countries during the most recent period, has not been comprehensively studied using panel data techniques.


Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document