scholarly journals Between the Contrasts of Children's Bodies: Innocence, Evil and Autonomy

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 133-168
Author(s):  
Murat Arpacı ◽  
Ebubekir Düzcan
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Pierre Bourdieu ◽  
The Body ◽  
Historical Process ◽  
Relational Perspective ◽  
Separate Category ◽  
The Family ◽  
Chronological Period ◽  
The Middle Ages

This study reveals how the child's body was categorized in the historical process. Throughout history, discussion sabout the child's body have also affected the definition sabout childhood. The claim that childhood was not considered as a separate category from adulthood in the Middle Ages was based on the perceptions about the child's body (disguise, age, etc.) by historians. The idea that limiting the child's body to a chronological period or the idea that it is the natural reflection of adulthood makes it difficult to grasp the contrary practices of childhood, ranging from innocence to evil. For this reason, the concepts of field, capitaland habitus used by the Pierre Bourdieu are recommended as theoretical tools to analyze children's practices better. In this way, it is aimed to discuss the child's body andchild'sworld from a relational perspective. According to Bourdieu, habitus begins in childhood and childhood is at the center of sociality that structures perception, thoughts and practices. The habitus of childhood is built with the practices of institutions that turn to the body, especially the family and school. Simultaneously with this construction, childhood is established as an autonomous area, and socializes as an active subject.The research suggests that the sociological potential of childhood can be analyzed by Bourdieu's conceptualization of “autonomous space”, acting on the fact that childhood has been interpreted as opposed to innocence to evil throughout history.

The Japanese Village in the Seventeenth Century

1952 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-20
Author(s):  
Thomas C. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
The Body ◽  
Social Classes ◽  
Vital Function ◽  
The West ◽  
Social Body ◽  
The Social ◽  
Physical Barriers ◽  
The Middle Ages

As in the Middle Ages in the West, so in Tokugawa Japan (1600–1868) men were fond of explaining the hierarchical society in which they lived by comparing it to an organism. Social classes, Confucian scholars said, were like parts of the body: each had a vital function to perform, but their functions were essentially different and unequal in value. In this scheme the peasants were second in importance only to the ruling military class. Just as the samurai officials were the brains that guided other organs, so the peasants were the feet that held the social body erect. They were the “basis of the country,” the valued producers whose labor sustained all else. But, as a class, they tended innately to backsliding and extravagance. Left alone they would consume more than their share of the social income, ape the manners and tastes of their betters, and even encroach upon the functions of other classes to the perilous neglect of their own. Only the lash of necessity and the sharp eye of the official could hold them to their disagreeable role. They had to be bound to the land; social distinctions had to be thrown up around them like so many physical barriers; and, to remove all temptation to indolence and luxury, they had to be left only enough of what they produced to let them continue producing.

Garlic Burns

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 91 (3) ◽  
pp. 658-659
Author(s):  
BEN-ZION GARTY
Keyword(s):  
Chest Pain ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Allium Sativum ◽  
Fifth Century ◽  
The Body ◽  
Babylonian Talmud ◽  
The Middle Ages

Five things have been said about garlic: it assauges hunger, warms the body, brings joy, increases virility and destroys intestinal lice. There are those who say that it engenders love and dispels envy. —Babylonian Talmud: Baba Kama (first gate) page 82 Garlic (Liliaceae Allium sativum) has been used for centuries by many cultures as a remedy for a variety of illnesses. Herodotus spoke about the medical use of garlic in Egypt, 3000 years BC. Hippocrates, in the fifth century BC, used garlic to treat a variety of infections, including leprosy, intestinal disorders, and chest pain. In the Middle Ages garlic was used for protection against the plague.

The Easter Sepulchrum in its Relation to the Architecture of the High Altar

PMLA ◽  
1916 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 664-712
Author(s):  
John K. Bonnell
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Tenth Century ◽  
The Body ◽  
Good Friday ◽  
The Cross ◽  
The Middle Ages

By the term ‘sepulehrum’ is designated that device or structure employed in churches—especially in the middle ages—to symbolize, or in more complete manner to represent, the tomb of Christ. This sepulchrum, so named in the liturgy, first appears in connection with the ancient office of the Depositio Crucis, or burial of the cross, which after mass on Good Friday typified the burial of Christ. Complementing and completing the Depositio was another office, privately celebrated by the priest and clergy before matins on Easter Sunday, typifying the resurrection, and called the Elevatio Crucis. When, after the tenth century, troping of the Introit for Easter morning—the famous Quem Quaeritis—developed into a little liturgical play with the impersonation of the angel or angels, and of the three Maries coming to anoint the body of the Lord, there was naturally a development of the heretofore symbolic sepulchrum in the altar, into what resulted finally in a separate structure.

Medicine and Pharmacy for Women. The Encounter of Jewish Thinking and Practices with the Arabic and Christian Medical Traditions

2008 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 249-259 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carmen Caballero-Navas
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
The Body ◽  
Jewish Communities ◽  
Medical Activity ◽  
Healthcare It ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Medical Traditions ◽  
Integrated Or ◽  
Female Physiology ◽  
The Middle Ages

This article presents a brief analysis of the ways in which women’s healthcare was understood by medieval Jews, as well as how this sphere of medical activity was learned, practised and disseminated among western Jewish communities during the Middle Ages. It examines the paths of transmission and reception of theories and notions of female physiology, health and disease within the Hebrew medical corpus, and it analyses the influence of the Arabic and Latin traditions in this process. In connection with the understanding of women’s healthcare, it pays some attention to adornment and decoration of the body, as part of the technology that focused on intervening in the functioning of the body. It also discusses succinctly the process through which medical ideas and concepts, as well as healing practices, were received, and integrated or refused, by Jews.

scholarly journals Production and primary processing of grain in the Ung, Bereg, Ugocha and Maramoros counties in the Middle Ages

2021 ◽  
pp. 70-78
Author(s):  
Rikhard Mihovk
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Technological Development ◽  
Arable Land ◽  
Animal Husbandry ◽  
Family Farming ◽  
Primary Processing ◽  
The Family ◽  
Hungarian State ◽  
The Village ◽  
The Middle Ages

The present research deals with the medieval grain production and the primary processing of it in Ung, Bereg, Ugocsa and Maramures counties. In the Middle Ages, the primary foodstuff was bread, which could be made from a variety of grains. In today's Transcarpathia, bread was made primarily using wheat and rye, which were crucial parts of the everyday eating. After the founding of the Hungarian state, the branch of the food production underwent a transformation, namely the animal-husbandry was slowly replaced by tillage. With the continuous development of the village system, indoor and outdoor farming were also spreading. Grain was grown on arable land away from the house, which has been a high priority. In order to understand the system based on family farming, principally the number of family members must be calculated, and then the average number of settlements follows from the obtained data, which gives the amount of land required per families and settlements to produce grain for bread. The bread was baked in a two-week cycle, when the family gained 30 kg. The growing crops for bread is the first stage of the process, which is followed by milling, i.e. the second stage. Grinding took place in mills, of which several varieties are separated. In the case of our region, watermills were widespread, of which there are also several types. We separate a stream mill and a floating mill from water mills. In the case of our region, both varieties have been identified. The mills did not work all year round, they could only work at the proper water level. Therefore, neither in winter cold nor in summer the mill could not work, so the grinding of flour needed for bread took place mainly in spring and autumn. Mills were one of the most complex technological machines of the time, the operation and maintenance of which required a specialist with relevant knowledge. Mills can be used for grinding grain, as well as for sawing and grinding wood. By examining the available resources, tens of mills were localized in the four counties, which also sheds light on the technological development of the age.

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