scholarly journals Production and primary processing of grain in the Ung, Bereg, Ugocha and Maramoros counties in the Middle Ages

2021 ◽  
pp. 70-78
Author(s):  
Rikhard Mihovk
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Technological Development ◽  
Arable Land ◽  
Animal Husbandry ◽  
Family Farming ◽  
Primary Processing ◽  
The Family ◽  
Hungarian State ◽  
The Village ◽  
The Middle Ages

The present research deals with the medieval grain production and the primary processing of it in Ung, Bereg, Ugocsa and Maramures counties. In the Middle Ages, the primary foodstuff was bread, which could be made from a variety of grains. In today's Transcarpathia, bread was made primarily using wheat and rye, which were crucial parts of the everyday eating. After the founding of the Hungarian state, the branch of the food production underwent a transformation, namely the animal-husbandry was slowly replaced by tillage. With the continuous development of the village system, indoor and outdoor farming were also spreading. Grain was grown on arable land away from the house, which has been a high priority. In order to understand the system based on family farming, principally the number of family members must be calculated, and then the average number of settlements follows from the obtained data, which gives the amount of land required per families and settlements to produce grain for bread. The bread was baked in a two-week cycle, when the family gained 30 kg. The growing crops for bread is the first stage of the process, which is followed by milling, i.e. the second stage. Grinding took place in mills, of which several varieties are separated. In the case of our region, watermills were widespread, of which there are also several types. We separate a stream mill and a floating mill from water mills. In the case of our region, both varieties have been identified. The mills did not work all year round, they could only work at the proper water level. Therefore, neither in winter cold nor in summer the mill could not work, so the grinding of flour needed for bread took place mainly in spring and autumn. Mills were one of the most complex technological machines of the time, the operation and maintenance of which required a specialist with relevant knowledge. Mills can be used for grinding grain, as well as for sawing and grinding wood. By examining the available resources, tens of mills were localized in the four counties, which also sheds light on the technological development of the age.

scholarly journals CARVED STONES of the XV Century FROM the VILLAGES. KUBACHI WITH NAMES MADE THEM MASTERS

2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 117-131
Author(s):  
Misrihan M. Mammaev
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Applied Art ◽  
Stone Cutting ◽  
Talented Artist ◽  
The Village ◽  
Outstanding Work ◽  
The Middle Ages

The article describes the monuments of stone-cutting art of the XV century-six architectural details and one gravestone monument of highly artistic decoration of villages. Kubachi, on which are carved the names of the craftsmen who made them. Discusses the features of the decorative trim of carved stones. It is noted that not all master stone – cutters, who worked in the middle ages, tried to immortalize themselves, putting on their works inscriptions with their names. Only a few of them left their names on the work they performed. Therefore, a great number of carved stones, architectural details and tombstones from the village of Kubachi, as well as tombstones from neighbouring settlements – Calamarata, Ashty, Damage and other remain nameless. The tomb of the XV century described in the article, decorated at a high artistic level with calligraphically executed decorative Arabic inscription in the style of "blooming kufi" on the background of elegant floral ornament, is considered as an outstanding work of stone-cutting art, created in the middle ages in the villages. Kubachi. It is the only one among the gravestones studied by researchers to the present time, which presents the name of the master of stone – Carver, calligrapher and ornamentalist Jarak – a talented artist of decorative and applied art.

scholarly journals The Village of Suzdal Opolye and Changes in the System Resettlement in the Second Half of the 14th – 15th Centuries

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (36) ◽  
pp. 148-163
Author(s):  
Sergey V. Shpolyanskiy ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Land Ownership ◽  
General Picture ◽  
Settlement Systems ◽  
15Th Century ◽  
History Of ◽  
Small Plot ◽  
The Village ◽  
The Middle Ages

The article substantiates the localization of the medieval village of Yasenye in the Suzdal Opolye, mentioned in sources under 1417, which was previously identified with the village of Torki of the Suzdal Spaso-Evfimiev Monastery. Yasenye existed on the watershed, near the spring of the same name in the second half of the 12th – first half of the 15th centuries. The reason for the disappearance of the village and another large settlement synchronized to it, is the expansion of monastic possessions in the microregion. This is confirmed by documents of the 16th–17th centuries, which record the continuation of disputes over the land near the spring, which is claimed by the monastery and the peasants of the surrounding villages. A small plot of the history of Opolye is well combined with the general picture of the decrease in the number of villages in the region in the 15th century, obtained as a result of the work of the Suzdal expedition (leader N. A. Makarov). This allows us to consider the development of monastic land ownership as a significant factor in the transformation of settlement systems in Opolye at the end of the Middle Ages.

scholarly journals Perspectives of Relations between School and Parents from the Middle Ages to the Reformation

Pedagogika ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 120 (4) ◽  
pp. 102-115
Author(s):  
Tadej Vidmar
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Reformation ◽  
The Family ◽  
The Middle Ages

Author analyses some perspectives and interpretations of relations between school and parents in the past. He points out how they were developing in the Middle Ages and in the time of Reformation. In that time cooperation of parents and a school was understood essentially different as today. In the Middle Ages the relation between parents and a school was clear and mostly non-problematic, at least regarding the contents, methods and objectives of education. Relations inside the school were an image of relations inside the family. In the time of Reformation status was not essentially different, still educators as Johannes Sturm began more intensively to think about meaning of cooperation between a school and a family.

La signoria di Arena in Oltrepò. I Beccaria e la forza della comunità (secoli XIII-XVI)

2021 ◽  
pp. 133-150
Author(s):  
Maria Nadia Covini
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Thirteenth Century ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Political ◽  
Small Municipality ◽  
Financial Difficulties ◽  
Political Events ◽  
The Family ◽  
The Middle Ages

The lordship of the Beccaria, a branch of the great family from Pavia, on Arena Po, was established at the end of the thirteenth century, taking advantage of both the financial difficulties of the small municipality and the power of the family in Pavia. It was meant to last for centuries. Managed in a consortium form by various Beccaria exponents, it encountered difficulties also in relation to the political events of the duchy. Various documents are examined to investigate the nature, modalities and reality of the relations between the lords and the land in the final centuries of the Middle Ages, especially from the fiscal, economic and agricultural point of view.

Marriage and the Family in the Middle Ages. Frances Gies , Joseph Gies

Speculum ◽  
1989 ◽  
Vol 64 (2) ◽  
pp. 432-433
Author(s):  
Judith M. Bennett
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
The Family ◽  
The Middle Ages

scholarly journals The Serbian family in the late Middle ages

2016 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 357
Author(s):  
Siniša Mišić
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Basic Unit ◽  
Nuclear Families ◽  
Late Middle Ages ◽  
The Family ◽  
The Status ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Length Of Life ◽  
The Middle Ages

Marriage in Serbia in the middle ages was conducted only between persons belonging to the same social class. It was arranged and the woman would bring a dowry which would be controlled by the husband as long as the marriage lasted. Male children would inherit their father. Daughters played a significant role in connecting families through marriage. A man, unlike a woman would not bear any consequences in case of adultery. The consequence of this was a large number of extramarital children. In the Serbian state in the middle ages the family, or the “home” (kuća as it is named in sources), was the basic unit of society. The family could be nuclear or cooperative. Through the analysis of diplomatic data, as well as the first Turkish books – defters, one can see that one quarter of the population lived in nuclear families. More than half of the families which lived in cooperative arrangements were made up of small cooperatives numbering no more than two or three members. Almost all cooperative families were made up of father-son or brotherly cooperatives. The type of cooperative was largely influenced by the length of life or the capability of giving birth. The source material shows a small number of large cooperatives. Nuclear families and cooperative families are present in both the nobility and the small folk (dependents). There is no difference in the family structure with regard to social status. Nuclear families are omnipresent, and the characteristics of cooperative families are the same in nobility, serfs, sokalniks (a class a little above the serfs, who were most often servants, with certain privileges), priests, repairmen or fishermen. The difference is seen only within the Vlach population where in the cooperative there are more sons in law than in other populations. This is the result of an attempt of an agrarian population to move toward the status of herdsmen which was more favorable for them.

scholarly journals Between the Contrasts of Children's Bodies: Innocence, Evil and Autonomy

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 133-168
Author(s):  
Murat Arpacı ◽  
Ebubekir Düzcan
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Pierre Bourdieu ◽  
The Body ◽  
Historical Process ◽  
Relational Perspective ◽  
Separate Category ◽  
The Family ◽  
Chronological Period ◽  
The Middle Ages

This study reveals how the child's body was categorized in the historical process. Throughout history, discussion sabout the child's body have also affected the definition sabout childhood. The claim that childhood was not considered as a separate category from adulthood in the Middle Ages was based on the perceptions about the child's body (disguise, age, etc.) by historians. The idea that limiting the child's body to a chronological period or the idea that it is the natural reflection of adulthood makes it difficult to grasp the contrary practices of childhood, ranging from innocence to evil. For this reason, the concepts of field, capitaland habitus used by the Pierre Bourdieu are recommended as theoretical tools to analyze children's practices better. In this way, it is aimed to discuss the child's body andchild'sworld from a relational perspective. According to Bourdieu, habitus begins in childhood and childhood is at the center of sociality that structures perception, thoughts and practices. The habitus of childhood is built with the practices of institutions that turn to the body, especially the family and school. Simultaneously with this construction, childhood is established as an autonomous area, and socializes as an active subject.The research suggests that the sociological potential of childhood can be analyzed by Bourdieu's conceptualization of “autonomous space”, acting on the fact that childhood has been interpreted as opposed to innocence to evil throughout history.

scholarly journals The Family with Children at the Festive Table: an Original Iconography in Jewish Manuscripts of the 14th–15th Centuries

2020 ◽  
pp. 12-34
Author(s):  
Dilshat Harman ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Jewish Family ◽  
Southern France ◽  
14Th Century ◽  
Northern France ◽  
The Family ◽  
Families With Children ◽  
The Middle Ages

Philippe Ariès, one of the first researchers of the medieval family (1960), believed that childhood was not a separate cultural period and was not recognized as such by adults until the 16th–17th centuries. Since that time, there have been many studies devoted to medieval childhood, in which the ideas of Ariès were questioned, but they were all based on texts. Images were used only as illustrations. Therefore, no one questioned Ariès assertion that images of children in the family, except the scenes of the Holy Family, had not existed in the Middle Ages. In this article, I argue that the images of families with children appeared in the 14th century among the Ashkenazi, that is, the Jews of Germany and Northern France, and later – among the Sephardim, that is, the Jews of Spain, Portugal and Southern France. Although the appearance of these scenes can be explained by ritual reasons, but not solely them, and the study of such images can serve to further deepen our knowledge of the medieval family in general and the medieval Jewish family in particular.

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