Strategy and Entrepreneurship: Decision and Creation Under Uncertainty
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This work looks at the decision process of entrepreneurs when they create a new businessin an atmosphere of uncertainty and without clear objectives, using the notion of 'effectuation'. The effectualapproach suggests that, when a new company is just beginning, entrepreneurs emphasize howmuch they can afford to lose and try as many different strategies and combinations of resource as possible,given the resources that are already under their control. The objective of this article, therefore, is toexamine if, and to what extent, entrepreneurs build companies in the real world using effectuation. <br />

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Domanda di inflazione come «bene pubblico» e regimi di indicizzazione dei redditi*

Journal of Public Finance and Public Choice ◽

10.1332/251569298x15668907117174 ◽

1985 ◽

Vol 3 (3) ◽

pp. 159-171

Author(s):

Mario Ferrero

Keyword(s):

Public Good ◽

Real World ◽

Decision Process ◽

Traditional Approach ◽

Free Riding ◽

Political Decision ◽

The Real ◽

Inflation Tax ◽

Natural Way

Abstract The traditional approach to inflation as a tax does not take any account of the state of indexation of the economy, as if universal «implicit» indexation of individual incomes to inflation by adjustment of inflationary expectations prevailed. This article shows that if - as is the case in much of the real world today - explicit indexation through wage escalator clauses and the like is sufficiently widespread but does not cover all individuals in the economy, then it may become feasible and attractive for a coalition of voters to pass inflationary budgets. Since budget choices and the determination of the associated inflation tax are outcomes of a collective (political) decision process while indexation is privately negotiated in the market, indexed voters may try to make non-indexed voters pay the bill of budget benefits to themselves through the inflation tax. Inflation thus becomes a peculiar, negative public good with a private exit: the inflation tax can now be individually avoided through indexation, and a demand for inflation in the literal meaning can manifest itself through the electoral process. Various properties of this perverse budget-inflation game are discussed, showing that the only natural way out of it appears to be universal indexation, which would eliminate the incentive to free-riding behavior by the indexed voters, though at some transitional cost to society.

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A method to multi-attribute decision making problems by using heronian mean operators based on linear diophantine uncertain linguistic settings

Journal of Intelligent & Fuzzy Systems ◽

10.3233/jifs-211839 ◽

2022 ◽

pp. 1-29

Author(s):

Tahir Mahmood ◽

Izatmand ◽

Zeeshan Ali ◽

Thammarat Panityakul

Keyword(s):

Decision Making ◽

Comparative Analysis ◽

Real World ◽

Decision Process ◽

Point Of View ◽

The Real ◽

Weighted Arithmetic ◽

Life Problems ◽

Multi Attribute Decision Making ◽

Heronian Mean

In the real decision process, an important problem is how to express the attribute value more efficiently and accurately. In the real world, because of the complexity of decision-making problems and the fuzziness of decision-making environments, it is not enough to express attribute values of alternatives by exact values. For this managing with such sorts of issues, the principle of Linear Diophantine uncertain linguistic set is a valuable and capable technique to manage awkward and inconsistent information in everyday life problems. In this manuscript, we propose the original idea of Linear Diophantine uncertain linguistic set and elaborated their essential laws. Additionally, to determine the association among any numbers of attributes, we elaborated the Linear Diophantine uncertain linguistic arithmetic Heronian mean operator, Linear Diophantine uncertain linguistic weighted arithmetic Heronian mean operator, Linear Diophantine uncertain linguistic geometric Heronian mean operator, Linear Diophantine uncertain linguistic weighted geometric Heronian mean operator, and their properties are also discovered. By using these operators, we utilize the multi-attribute decision-making procedure by using elaborated operators. To determine the consistency and validity of the elaborated operators, we illustrate some examples by using explored operators. Finally, the superiority and comparative analysis of the elaborated operators with some existing operators are also determined and justified with the help of a graphical point of view.

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Evaluating Mental Health Services; How Do Programs for Children “Work” in the Real World? Edited by Carol T. Nixon & Denine A. Northrup. Sage, Thousand Oaks CA, 1997. pp. 306. £16.60 (pb).

Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry ◽

10.1017/s0021963098222918 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 39 (6) ◽

pp. 935-936

Author(s):

Anne Worrall-Davies

Keyword(s):

Mental Health ◽

Mental Health Services ◽

Health Services ◽

Real World ◽

The Real

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Current Issues: Evidence-Based Practice for the Real World: Thoughts on Clinical Education in Communication Disorders

Perspectives on Administration and Supervision ◽

10.1044/aas20.3.100 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 20 (3) ◽

pp. 100-105 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Anne K. Bothe

Keyword(s):

Clinical Education ◽

Real World ◽

Evidence Based Practice ◽

Communication Disorders ◽

University Faculty ◽

Evidence Based ◽

Speech Language Pathology ◽

Basic Principles ◽

The Real ◽

Language Pathology

This article presents some streamlined and intentionally oversimplified ideas about educating future communication disorders professionals to use some of the most basic principles of evidence-based practice. Working from a popular five-step approach, modifications are suggested that may make the ideas more accessible, and therefore more useful, for university faculty, other supervisors, and future professionals in speech-language pathology, audiology, and related fields.

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