scholarly journals Adaptive patterns and processes in mammalian arboreality

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Νικόλαος-Ευάγγελος Καραντάνης
Keyword(s):  
Myodes Glareolus ◽  
Apodemus Flavicollis ◽  
Glis Glis ◽  
Apodemus Agrarius ◽  
Patterns And Processes ◽  
Micromys Minutus ◽  
Muscardinus Avellanarius

Το ενδιαίτημα των δέντρων είναι ένα περίπλοκο πλέγμα κορμών, κλαδιών και φυλλώματος, τα οποία καθιστούν την κίνηση και μετακίνηση απαιτητικές. Όμως, τα θηλαστικά έχουν καταφέρει να ανταπεξέλθουν στην πολυπλοκότητά του. Κατά την κίνηση επί των κλαδιών, η αναγκαιότητα για ασφάλεια και σταθερότητα εντείνεται. Επιπρόσθετα, καθώς τα πρώιμα ευθήρια θηλαστικά επιδεικνύουν μετακρανιακό σκελετό που σχετίζεται με τη διαβίωση στα δέντρα, είναι σημαντικό να μελετήσουμε τους συμπεριφορικούς μηχανισμούς που σχετίζονται με την αποδοτική δενδρόβια κίνηση. Ωστόσο, υπάρχει μία γενική έλλειψη ερευνών σε άλλα θηλαστικά και ιδιαίτερα τα πιο μικρόσωμα. Η παρούσα έρευνα χρησιμοποιεί μία πειραματική προσέγγιση προσομοιωμένων δενδρικών συνθηκών, επιχειρώντας να απομονώσει παραμέτρους των υποστρωμάτων και να συγκρίνει το πώς διαφορετικά μικρά θηλαστικά τροποποιούν τον βηματισμό τους για την δενδρόβια κίνηση. Για τους σκοπούς της παρούσας διατριβής εξετάσαμε οκτώ μικρόσωμα θηλαστικά: Acrobates pygmaeus(~12 g), Micromys minutus (~10 g), Apodemus agrarius (~20 g), Apodemus flavicollis (~30 g), Thallomys paedulcus (~70 g), Myodes glareolus (~20 g), Muscardinus avellanarius (~20 g), Glis glis (~130 g). Όλα κινηματογραφήθηκαν επί διαφορετικών διαμετρών υποστρωμάτων (2mm, 5mm, 10mm, 25mm) και κλίσεων (κάθοδος 45°, οριζόντιο, άνοδος 45°) στα 240 καρέ ανά δευτερόλεπτο σε ειδικά σχεδιασμένο τερράριο. Οι αναλύσεις μας αφορούσαν βασικές παραμέτρους βάδισης, όπως η διαγωνιότητα, ο παράγοντας φόρτου, ο δείκτης παράγοντα φόρτου, η ταχύτητα, το μήκος διασκελισμού και η συχνότητα διασκελισμού. Τα περισσότερα από τα εξεταζόμενα μικρά αναρριχητικά θηλαστικά επέλεξαν βάδιση πλευρικής-αλληλουχίας κατά την δενδρόβια κίνηση. Το Acrobates pygmaeus ήταν μια αξιοσημείωτη εξαίρεση, επιδεικνύοντας βάδιση διαγώνιας-αλληλουχίας, σε σύγκλιση με τα πρωτεύοντα. Τα περισσότερα μικρά θηλαστικά μείωσαν την διαγωνιότητα, τις σχετικές φάσεις αιώρησης των άκρων, και την ταχύτητα στα λεπτότερα υποστρώματα, προς αύξηση της σταθερότητας και απρόσκοπτης πλοήγησης. Σε πλατύτερα υποστρώματα, τα περισσότερα μικρά θηλαστικά αύξησαν σημαντικά την ταχύτητα και τις σχετικές φάσεις αιώρησης, και την χρήση ασύμμετρης βάδισης, με σκοπό ταχείες κινήσεις, αποφυγή εμποδίων και ενεργειακή βελτιστοποίηση, και πιθανώς μείωση έκθεσης στους θηρευτές. Η επίδραση της κλίσης στις παραμέτρους βάδισης ήταν πολύ ανόμοια ανάμεσα στα εξεταζόμενα είδη, υπονοώντας ότι πιθανώς να υπάρχει κάποια ενδογενής περιπλοκότητα, και διάφοροι μηχανισμοί οι οποίοι να επιδρούν σε αυτή. Σε σχέση με την ρύθμιση της ταχύτητας, σχεδόν όλα τα μικρά θηλαστικά αύξησαν την ταχύτητα κυρίως μέσω της συχνότητας διασκελισμού, παρά μέσω του μήκους διασκελισμού, το οποίο επίσης προωθεί την δενδρόβια ασφάλεια, μειώνοντας τις σωματικές ταλαντώσεις. Επιπροσθέτως, κάποιες από τις εξεταζόμενες παραμέτρους, όπως ο παράγοντας φόρτου και η συχνότητα διασκελισμού, προέβλεψαν με συνέπεια τον βαθμό δενδροδιαβίωσης. Εν κατακλείδι, παρά κάποιες περιορισμένες ανομοιότητες, τα μικρά δενδρόβια και αναρριχητικά θηλαστικά επιδεικνύουν συμπεριφορές που εν τέλει συνεισφέρουν στην επιτυχημένη εκμετάλλευση του ενδιαιτήματος των δέντρων. Το σωματικό μέγεθος και οι μορφολογικές ομοιότητες μεταξύ σύγχρονων δενδρόβιων/αναρριχώμενων μικρών θηλαστικών και των πρώιμων προγόνων των ευθηρίων (π.χ. Eomaia kai Juramaia) υπονοούν ότι αυτές οι πρώιμες μορφές θα συμπεριφέρονταν με παρόμοιους τρόπους, επιδεικνύοντας βάδιση πλευρικής-αλληλουχίας, σχετικά υψηλούς παράγοντες φόρτου, και αύξηση της ταχύτητας με αύξηση της συχνότητας διασκελισμού. Αυτές οι προσαρμογές, οι οποίες θα βοηθούσαν στην αποδοτική χρήση τόσο εδαφικών όσο και δενδρικών υποστρωμάτων, πολύ πιθανόν να συνεισέφεραν στην επιτυχή επικράτησή τους και στην ακόλουθη ακτινωτή διαπορά τους.

scholarly journals Data on the distribution of Hystrichopsylla orientalis fleas (Siphonaptera) in Lithuania

Biologija ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 66 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Indrė Lipatova
Keyword(s):  
Morphological Analysis ◽  
Mammalian Species ◽  
Sorex Araneus ◽  
Myodes Glareolus ◽  
Apodemus Flavicollis ◽  
Microtus Arvalis ◽  
Glis Glis ◽  
Microtus Oeconomus ◽  
Neomys Fodiens ◽  
Micromys Minutus

The aim of this study was to present data on the distribution of Hystrichopsylla fleas collected from different animals in Lithuania. The study was done by analyzing collections of fleas from 2011 to 2017. A total of 96 fleas of the genus Hystrichopsylla were collected from nine mammalian species (Apodemus flavicollis, Apodemus agrarius, Micromys minutus, Myodes glareolus, Microtus oeconomus, Microtus arvalis, Sorex araneus, Neomys fodiens, and Glis glis). Morphological analysis showed that all fleas were of the species Hystrichopsylla orientalis Smit, 1956.

scholarly journals Species composition of small mammals in key biotopes near Kolomak (Kharkiv Oblast)

2021 ◽  
Vol 2020 (20) ◽  
pp. 29-38
Author(s):  
Oksana Markovska ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Species Diversity ◽  
Species Composition ◽  
Small Mammals ◽  
Relative Abundance ◽  
Mus Musculus ◽  
Sorex Araneus ◽  
Myodes Glareolus ◽  
Oak Forest ◽  
Apodemus Agrarius ◽  
Micromys Minutus

The study of the species composition and biotope preferences of small mammals around Kolomak had been carried out for four years (2017–2020). During the study period, 9 species of mouse-like rodents and 3 species of insectivores were found. No Cricetulus migratorius, Terricola subterraneus or Microtus oeconomus were found from the theoretically expected species already known for this area. Around Kolomak, 11 biotopes were investigated, including maple-linden oak forest, agrocenoses, dry and flooded meadows, which are located along the banks of a pond and in a gully-ravine system. The first year of research was in a year of high abundance (2017), and then 9 species were immediately discovered, but species with small abundance, such as Crocidura suaveolens, Sorex minutus, and Micromys minutus, were found in years with a small relative abundance of small mammals. Myodes glareolus, Sylvaemus tauricus and Sylvaemus uralensis are dominant species in the captures. According to the trapping results, 2017 was the year of high relative abundance of small mammals, 2018 was the year of the lowest relative abundance, 2019 and 2020 were years with an average relative abundance. During the study period, 6 species were identified in forest biotopes (Apodemus agrarius, Sylvaemus tauricus, Sylvaemus uralensis, Myodes glareolus, Sorex araneus, and Dryomys nitedula). In ecotones with floodplain biotopes, 8 species were found (Apodemus agrarius, Sylvaemus sylvaticus, Sylvaemus uralensis, Mus musculus, Micromys minutus, Myodes glareolus, and Sorex araneus). Four species (Mus musculus, Sylvaemus sylvaticus, Sylvaemus uralensis, and Microtus levis) were discovered near human settlements. In general, biotopes with the greatest species diversity and number of caught individuals are ecotones of dry and floodplain meadows. In years of high abundance, both species diversity and the number of individuals caught in the oak forest and in ecotones near the pond increased. It should be noted that Myodes glareolus was caught in clear-cuts during the two years (2019-2020) only in the summer of 2020. Earlier, not a single specimen of this species was caught there, although there is a dense weed grass cover in this area and the shrub layer has also grown up in some places, and the clear-cut is surrounded by oak forest.

scholarly journals Prevalencija bakterije Francisella tularensis u populaciji sitnih sisavaca u kontinentalnim šumama Hrvatske

2018 ◽  
Vol 142 (9-10) ◽  
pp. 485-486
Author(s):  
Mirna Mihelčić ◽  
Marko Vucelja ◽  
Marina Šantić ◽  
Josip Margaletić ◽  
Nenad Turk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Francisella Tularensis ◽  
Apodemus Sylvaticus ◽  
Sorex Araneus ◽  
Myodes Glareolus ◽  
Apodemus Flavicollis ◽  
Microtus Arvalis ◽  
Apodemus Agrarius ◽  
Qrt Pcr

Francisella tularensisis uzročnik je zoonoze tularemije, koja ima široki raspon domaćina, uključujući člankonošce, sisavce i ptice. Dvije podvrste F. tularensis, subsp. tularensis (Tip A) i subsp. holartica (Tip B), opisane su kao najčešći uzročnici bolesti u ljudi (Kingry and Petersen, 2014; Kuehn et al., 2013). Tip A i Tip B razlikuju se po svojim biokemijskim značajkama, patogenosti, ekologiji, epidemiologiji te geografskoj rasprostranjenosti. Rasprostranjenost Tipa A uglavnom je ograničena na sjevernoamerički kontinent, za razliku od Tipa B, koji se javlja duž cijele sjeverne polutke, a ujedno je i najčešći uzročnik tularemije u Europi(Keim et al., 2007; Kuehn et al., 2013). No ekologija i kruženje ove bakterije u prirodi do danas još nisu u potpunosti razjašnjeni. Različiti glodavci (voluharice, miševi, tekunice, bizantski štakori, dabrovi) te dvojezupci (kunić i zec) opisani su kao mogući rezervoari F.tularensis. Zadnja epidemiološka i epizootiološka istraživanja tularemije u Hrvatskoj datiraju iz šezdesetih i sedamdesetih godina prošloga stoljeća(Borcić et al., 1975). Stoga je cilj ovoga rada bio prikupiti nove podatke o prevalenciji tularemije u populaciji sitnih sisavaca u Hrvatskoj. Ukupno 444 uzoraka sitnih glodavaca i kukcojeda sakupljeno je u razdoblju od dvije godine na osam različitih lokaliteta u šumama kontinentalne Hrvatske: Lipovljani, Nova Subocka, Velika Gorica, Stara Gradiška, Županja, Sunja, Koprivnica i Čakovec (Slika 1). Pretraženi su uzorci slezene od: 197 Apodemus agrarius (poljski miš), 78 Apodemus sylvaticus (šumski miš), 92 Apodemus flavicollis (žutogrli miš), 17 Myodes glareolus (šumska voluharica), 27 Mycrotus agrestis (livadna voluharica), 20 Microtus arvalis (poljska voluharica) te 13 Sorex araneus (rovka). Uzorcisu pretraženi na prisutnost DNA Francisella spp. koristeći qRT-PCR metodu. Dobiveni rezultati pokazuju da su od ukupno 444 prikupljene životinje tri uzorka (0.67%), od kojih dva poljska miša te jedan šumski miš, bili pozitivni su na francizelu (Tablica 1). Sva tri pozitivna uzorka prikupljena su na istom području – lokalitetu Lipovljani. Tularemija je bolest koja se primarno povezuje s „nizinskim“ i „vodenim“ ekosustavima (Borcić, 1973). Područje duž toka rijeke Save (Posavina) opisuje se kao prirodno žarište tularemije u Hrvatskoj (Borcic et al., 1976), akao glavni rezervoar tularemije na tom području navodi se poljska voluharica (Borcic et al., 1976). Trimiša pozitivna na F. tularensis upućuju da je ova bakterija i dalje prisutna u populaciji sitnih glodavaca u Hrvatskoj. Nadalje, svi pozitivni uzorci prikupljeni su na lokalitetu Lipovljani, smještenom u srednjem dijelu toka rijeke Save, stoga ova regija zadržava obilježje prirodnog žarišta tularemije u Hrvatskoj.

Arboreal gaits in three sympatric rodents Apodemus agrarius, Apodemus flavicollis (Rodentia, Muridae) and Myodes glareolus (Rodentia, Cricetidae)

2017 ◽  
Vol 83 ◽  
pp. 51-63 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nikolaos-Evangelos Karantanis ◽  
Leszek Rychlik ◽  
Anthony Herrel ◽  
Dionisios Youlatos
Keyword(s):  
Myodes Glareolus ◽  
Apodemus Flavicollis ◽  
Apodemus Agrarius

scholarly journals Small mammals in the diet of owls in the Masovian Landscape Park and its adjacent areas

2016 ◽  
Vol 59 (2) ◽  
pp. 73-86
Author(s):  
Grzegorz LESIŃSKI ◽  
◽  
Przemysław STOLARZ ◽  
Jakub GRYZ ◽  
Radosław DĄBROWSKI ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Small Mammal ◽  
Sorex Araneus ◽  
Myodes Glareolus ◽  
Tyto Alba ◽  
Apodemus Flavicollis ◽  
Microtus Arvalis ◽  
Strix Aluco ◽  
Small Mammal Communities ◽  
Mammal Communities ◽  
Muscardinus Avellanarius

The diet of three owl species was analysed in 32 sites localised in the Masovian Landscape Park and its outskirts to determine the structure of small mammal communities. Study was done in the years 1993–2016, 5,728 vertebrate prey (including 4,001 mammals) were collected. Five species of soricomorphs, six bats, 14 rodents and one species of Carnivora were found. Among mammals, Myodes glareolus had the greatest share in the diet of Strix aluco. Tyto alba most frequently caught Microtus arvalis and Sorex araneus, while Asio otus – M. arvalis and M. oeconomus. Those prey, together with Apodemus flavicollis and A. agrarius, dominated in small mammal communities. One site of Crocidura leucodon was found on the western edge of its range in Poland. The share of bats in the diet of S. aluco was small (0.5% of mammals), Plecotus auritus was most frequent. Muscardinus avellanarius was found in forests of the southern part of the Masovian Landscape Park. It was relatively often caught by S. aluco in favourable habitats. Shares of M. oeconomus, M. agrestis and M. avellanarius in the diet of owls were significantly higher in southern part of the study area remote from Warsaw.

scholarly journals Findings of overground nests of rodents in the Ukrainian Beskids (upper course of the Dnister)

2020 ◽  
pp. 184-187
Author(s):  
Volodymyr Terletsky
Keyword(s):  
Red Squirrel ◽  
Sciurus Vulgaris ◽  
Glis Glis ◽  
Edible Dormouse ◽  
The North ◽  
Hazel Dormouse ◽  
Nesting Activity ◽  
Harvest Mouse ◽  
Micromys Minutus ◽  
Muscardinus Avellanarius

Materials are collected and generalised on the overground nesting activity of 4 rodent species under conditions of the north Carpathian taiga: the red squirrel (Sciurus vulgaris), the edible dormouse (Glis glis), the hazel dormouse (Muscardinus avellanarius), and the harvest mouse (Micromys minutus). The locality is characterised by a combination various habitats. Common and unique variants of nests of these species are described, particularly the arrangement by the hazel dormouse of its own nests in nests of the Eurasian wren and song thrush, an unusual nest of the red squirrel, and the nesting of the edible dormouse in an abandoned dress.

scholarly journals Kisemlősök faunisztikai felmérése Somogy megye északkeleti részén, gyöngybagoly Tyto alba (Scopoli, 1769) köpetek vizsgálata alapján

2013 ◽  
pp. 81-90
Author(s):  
J. Jenő Purger
Keyword(s):  
Rattus Norvegicus ◽  
Sorex Araneus ◽  
Myodes Glareolus ◽  
Tyto Alba ◽  
Mammal Species ◽  
Arvicola Amphibius ◽  
Eptesicus Serotinus ◽  
Micromys Minutus ◽  
Muscardinus Avellanarius ◽  
Owl Pellets

Pellets were collected between 1999 and 2009, from 20 localities (investigated area: BT80, BS79, BS78, BS77, BS89 and BS88, according to 10×10 km UTM grids). In a total of 1570 Barn Owl pellets there were 4127 prey rem-nants. Small mammals were dominating (97.8%). 22 mammal species were evidented: Crocidura leucodon, C. suaveolens, Sorex araneus, S. minutus, Neomys anomalus, Talpa euro-paea, Eptesicus serotinus, Muscardinus avellanarius, Microtus agrestis, M. arvalis, M. oeconomus, M. subterraneus, Arvicola amphibius, Myodes glareolus, Apodemus agrarius, A. flavicol-lis, A. sylvaticus, A. uralensis, Micromys minutus, Mus mus-culus, M. spicilegus, Rattus norvegicus). Remnants of birds, amphibians and insects consisted 2.2 % of total prey.

scholarly journals Kisemlősök faunisztikai felmérése Külső-Somogy északnyugati részén, gyöngybagoly Tyto alba (Scopoli, 1769) köpetek vizsgálata alapján

2014 ◽  
pp. 105-112
Author(s):  
J. Jenő Purger J.
Keyword(s):  
Rattus Norvegicus ◽  
Sorex Araneus ◽  
Myodes Glareolus ◽  
Tyto Alba ◽  
Mammal Species ◽  
Talpa Europaea ◽  
Eptesicus Serotinus ◽  
Micromys Minutus ◽  
Muscardinus Avellanarius ◽  
Owl Pellets

Barn Owl pellets were collected between 1999 and 2014, from 11 localities (investigated area: YM07, YM18, YM27 and YM29, according to 10×10 km UTM grids). In a total of 1313 pellets there were 3630 prey remnants. Small mammals were dominating (98.4%). We documented occur-rence of 25 mammal species: Crocidura leucodon, C. sua-veolens, Sorex araneus, S. minutus, Neomys anomalus, N. fodiens, Talpa europaea, Eptesicus serotinus,Pipistrellus na-thusii, Muscardinus avellanarius, Glis glis, Microtus agrestis, M. arvalis, M. oeconomus, M. subterraneus, Arvicola amphi-bius, Myodes glareolus, Apodemus agrarius, A. flavicollis, A. sylvaticus, A. uralensis, Micromys minutus, Mus musculus, M. spicilegus, Rattus norvegicus). Remnants of birds and am-phibians consisted 1.6% of total prey.

scholarly journals Muroid rodents of the natural landmark “Chervone” (Dnister Canyon): specifics of species composition and community structure

2021 ◽  
Vol 2020 (20) ◽  
pp. 67-72
Author(s):  
Olga Shtyk ◽  
◽  
Zvenyslava Mamchur ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Species Composition ◽  
Myodes Glareolus ◽  
Anthropogenic Pressure ◽  
Microtus Arvalis ◽  
Apodemus Agrarius ◽  
Small Areas ◽  
Muroid Rodents ◽  
Nature Park ◽  
Number Of Individuals ◽  
Micromys Minutus

We conducted an analysis of populations of muroid rodents of the Dnister Canyon National Nature Park on the example of the natural landmark “Chervone.” For the investigation of the muroid rodents, we applied the trap-line method using factory-made live traps. According to methodology, the traps were located within a homogeneous habitat and four different sites were studies. Field data collected during 2017 and 2018 (summer and autumn cenuses) in four different habitats were analysed. The species composition of muroid rodents was investigated in four different biotopes (habitats) near the Dzurynskiy waterfall: hornbeam forest, pine forest, floodplain of the Dzuryn river, and pasture. The studied habitats were identified according to the National Habitat Catalogue of Ukraine. During the research, 75 specimens of muroid rodents were caught in 800 trap-nights. We recorded six species of muroid rodents: Sylvaemus tauricus L., Sylvaemus sylvaticus L., Apodemus agrarius Pallas, Micromys minutus L., Myodes glareolus Schreber, and Microtus arvalis Pallas. The most numerous species was Sylvaemus tauricus — 23 individuals (31 %). The quantity of other species was as follows: Apodemus agrarius (28 %), Sylvaemus sylvaticus (17 %), Myodes glareolus (16 %), Microtus arvalis (7 %), and Micromys minutus (1 %). The abundance of rodents was lower during the summer period compared to autumn, which can be related to the anthropogenic pressure on the investigated area. In addition, we investigated the sex and age structure of muroid rodent populations. We discovered that 45 individuals out of 75 were males and 35 were females. Additionally, 63 individuals were adults (Ad.) and 12 were juveniles (juv.). To summarise the received data, we calculated the number of individuals per 100 trap-nights. The abundance of individuals fluctuated from near 3 ind./100 t.-n. (Sylvaemus tauricus) to 0.125 ind./100 t.-n. (Micromys minutus). The relatively low species diversity of muroid rodents in the Dnister Canyon National Nature Park could be the result of small areas of insular habitats (separated territories with relatively similar landscape) and strong fragmentation of the researched area.

The spatial genetic structure of bank vole (Myodes glareolus) and yellow-necked mouse (Apodemus flavicollis) populations: The effect of distance and habitat barriers

2009 ◽  
Vol 59 (2) ◽  
pp. 169-187 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michal Kozakiewicz ◽  
Alicja Gryczyńska–Siemiątkowska ◽  
Hanna Panagiotopoulou ◽  
Anna Kozakiewicz ◽  
Robert Rutkowski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Genetic Structure ◽  
Bank Vole ◽  
Microsatellite Loci ◽  
Myodes Glareolus ◽  
Apodemus Flavicollis ◽  
Island Populations ◽  
Local Populations ◽  
Bank Vole Myodes Glareolus ◽  
Yellow Necked Mouse

AbstractHabitat barriers are considered to be an important factor causing the local reduction of genetic diversity by dividing a population into smaller sections and preventing gene flow between them. However, the “barrier effect” might be different in the case of different species. The effect of geographic distance and water barriers on the genetic structure of populations of two common rodent species – the yellow-necked mouse (Apodemus flavicollis) and the bank vole (Myodes glareolus) living in the area of a lake (on its islands and on two opposite shores) was investigated with the use of microsatellite fragment analysis. The two studied species are characterised by similar habitat requirements, but differ with regard to the socio-spatial structure of the population, individual mobility, capability to cross environmental barriers, and other factors. Trapping was performed for two years in spring and autumn in north-eastern Poland (21°E, 53°N). A total of 160 yellow-necked mouse individuals (7 microsatellite loci) and 346 bank vole individuals (9 microsatellite loci) were analysed. The results of the differentiation analyses (FST and RST) have shown that both the barrier which is formed by a ca. 300 m wide belt of water (between the island and the mainland) and the actual distance of approximately 10 km in continuous populations are sufficient to create genetic differentiation within both species. The differences between local populations living on opposite lake shores are the smallest; differences between any one of them and the island populations are more distinct. All of the genetic diversity indices (the mean number of alleles, mean allelic richness, as well as the observed and expected heterozygosity) of the local populations from the lakeshores were significantly higher than of the small island populations of these two species separated by the water barrier. The more profound “isolation effect” in the case of the island populations of the bank vole, in comparison to the yellow-necked mouse populations, seems to result not only from the lower mobility of the bank vole species, but may also be attributed to other differences in the animals' behaviour.

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