scholarly journals Did the elimination of lead from petrol reduce crime in the USA in the 1990s?

F1000Research ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 156 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wayne Hall
Keyword(s):  
Young Adulthood ◽  
Lead Exposure ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Crime Rates ◽  
Unintended Consequence ◽  
Biological Plausibility ◽  
Response Relationship ◽  
Ecological Studies ◽  
Dose Response Relationship ◽  
The Usa

This article assesses the evidence for the hypothesis that a decline in all types of crime since the early 1990s in the USA was an unintended consequence of removing lead from petrol between 1975 and 1985. It describes ecological and econometric studies that have generally but not always found correlations between lead exposures in childhood and some types of crime 20 years later; a small number of epidemiological studies that have found a dose-response relationship between lead exposure in childhood and self-reported and officially recorded criminal offences in young adulthood; and evidence for the biological plausibility of a causal relationship. The major anomaly in the evidence is that the associations reported in ecological studies are much stronger (explaining 56-90% of the variation in crime rates) than the weaker relationships found in the cohort studies (that typically explain less than 1% of the variance in offending).  Suggestions are made for research that will better assess the contribution that reduced lead exposure has made to declining crime rates in the USA.

scholarly journals Did the elimination of lead from petrol reduce crime in the USA in the 1990s?

F1000Research ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 156
Author(s):  
Wayne Hall
Keyword(s):  
Young Adulthood ◽  
Lead Exposure ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Crime Rates ◽  
Biological Plausibility ◽  
Response Relationship ◽  
Ecological Studies ◽  
Dose Response Relationship ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Very High

This article assesses the evidence for the hypothesis that a decline in all types of crime since the early 1990s in the USA was a consequence of removing lead from petrol between 1975 and 1985. It describes ecological and econometric studies that have generally but not always found correlations between lead exposures in childhood and some types of crime 20 years later; a small number of epidemiological studies that have found a dose-response relationship between lead exposure in childhood and self-reported and officially recorded criminal offences in young adulthood; and evidence for the biological plausibility of a causal relationship. Lead exposure in childhood may have played a small role in rising and falling crime rates in the USA but it is unlikely to account for the very high percentage of the decline suggested by the ecological studies. The major anomaly in the evidence is that the associations reported in ecological studies are much stronger (explaining 56-90% of the variation in crime rates) than the weaker relationships found in the cohort studies (that typically explain less than 1% of the variance in offending).  Suggestions are made for research that will better assess the contribution that reduced lead exposure has made to declining crime rates in the USA.

scholarly journals The level of bilirubin and the risk of ischemic stroke: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of real-world studies

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiao Wang ◽  
Yang Zhou ◽  
Xiaofei Ye ◽  
Fangchen Liu ◽  
Xi Zhu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ischemic Stroke ◽  
Dose Response ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Secondary Outcome ◽  
Serum Total Bilirubin ◽  
Response Relationship ◽  
Dose Response Relationship ◽  
Meta Analyses ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract Background: Bilirubin, a marker of hepatic and hematological diseases in clinical practice, is not only a waste end-product but also an antioxidant that may protect against diseases associated with oxidative stress. Numerous epidemiological studies have shown an inverse relationship between the serum total bilirubin (TBIL) level and the risk of ischemic stroke (IS). However, markedly elevated TBIL levels may exert neurotoxic effects. Based on this, we conducted a dose-response meta-analysis to quantify the relationship between blood TBIL and IS as well as between TBIL and all types of stroke (AS) in the physiological range of bilirubin.Methods: PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Cochrane Central databases were searched up to March 2019. Additional studies were identified by reviewing references and contacting authors. Categorical and dose-response meta-analyses were performed to quantify the relationship between TBIL and IS. The primary outcome was ischemic stroke, and the secondary outcome was all types of stroke.Results: Nine observational studies (seven publications) involving 110,032 participants and 3710 stroke cases were included for analysis. The average OR of IS for every 1 µmol/L increment in TBIL level was 0.978 (95% CI: 0.957–0.999). The summary OR of AS for every 1 µmol/L increment in TBIL level was 0.974 (95% CI: 0.956–0.992). Subgroup analysis based on gender showed a negative dose-response relationship between the circulating TBIL level and IS or AS in males, but not in females.Conclusions: The present study found a negative dose-response relationship between the circulating TBIL level and the risk of IS or AS within physiologic range of serum TBIL in males. Moderately elevated blood TBIL levels might be associated with a diminished prevalence of IS. Every 1 µmol/L increment in serum TBIL level was associated with a 2.2% decrease in the risk of IS and a 2.6% decrease in the risk of AS. However, due to the limitations in the number of included studies and their quality, large-scaled prospective cohort studies are needed to confirm the conclusion of the current analysis.Trial registration: This study was registered at PROSPERO (https://www.crd. york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/[CRD42017075988]).

scholarly journals Observations of the first GameSense-branded responsible gambling centre in a US casino

2019 ◽  
Vol 79 (1) ◽  
pp. 104-120 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heather M Gray ◽  
Layne Keating ◽  
Howard J Shaffer ◽  
Debi A LaPlante
Keyword(s):  
Responsible Gambling ◽  
Gambling Behaviour ◽  
Response Relationship ◽  
Dose Response Relationship ◽  
Comprehensive Description ◽  
Time Limits ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Casino Patrons ◽  
Programme Exposure ◽  
Programme Staff

Objective: To help mitigate potential gambling harm, responsible gambling information centres are launching across casino venues in North America. The launch of the first such centre in the USA provided an opportunity to achieve three goals: (1) document the centre’s reach among casino patrons, (2) generate a comprehensive description of services provided, and (3) explore the potential for a dose–response relationship between centre exposure and gambling beliefs and behaviour. Design: We documented services provided and surveyed consecutive centre visitors. Setting: We achieved these goals at the GameSense Info Center, located in the first Massachusetts casino. Method: Programme staff recorded their services via electronic checklist and administered one-page surveys to visitors with whom they discussed problem or responsible gambling. Results: Programme staff reported engaging directly with approximately 1% of daily patrons. About 70% of their interactions were casual. During conversations that did move beyond a casual nature, programme staff typically provided information about responsible gambling, consistent with patrons’ self-reported needs and concerns. Finally, among a sample of patrons who repeatedly engaged with programme staff at the most involved level ( N = 129), those with relatively little programme exposure were more likely to hold an accurate gambling belief but less likely to report having set time limits on their casino visits. Conclusion: We did not observe support for the notion that using an on-site information centre to teach patrons about important gambling concepts is associated with more responsible gambling behaviour.

scholarly journals Dietary magnesium and calcium intake and risk of depression in the general population: A meta-analysis

2016 ◽  
Vol 51 (3) ◽  
pp. 219-229 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bingrong Li ◽  
Jing Lv ◽  
Weijing Wang ◽  
Dongfeng Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Relative Risk ◽  
Confidence Interval ◽  
Dose Response ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Response Analysis ◽  
Response Relationship ◽  
Dose Response Relationship ◽  
Relative Risks ◽  
Dietary Magnesium

Objective: Several epidemiological studies have evaluated the associations between dietary magnesium (Mg) and calcium (Ca) intake and the risk of depression. However, the results of these studies remain controversial. Thus, we performed a meta-analysis to explore these associations and to investigate the possible dose–response relationship between dietary Mg intake and risk of depression. Methods: MEDLINE, Web of Science, Embase, Cochrane CENTRAL, CINAHL database, Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure, Wan fang databases and Databases of Chinese Scientific and Technical Periodicals were searched for eligible publications up to September 2016. Pooled relative risks with 95% confidence intervals were calculated using random-effects model. Publication bias was estimated using Egger’s test and the funnel plot. Dose–response relationship was assessed by restricted cubic spline functions. Results: A total of 17 epidemiological studies from 12 articles were included in the present meta-analysis. Among these studies, 11 studies evaluated the association between dietary Mg intake and risk of depression and 6 studies evaluated the association between dietary Ca intake and risk of depression. When comparing the highest with the lowest intake, the pooled relative risks of depression were 0.81 (95% confidence interval = [0.70, 0.92]) for Mg and 0.66 (95% confidence interval = [0.42, 1.02]) for Ca. Dietary Mg intake was significantly associated with a reduced risk of depression among studies conducted in Asia (relative risk  = 0.57; 95% confidence interval = [0.44, 0.74]) and in studies adjusting for energy intake (relative risk  = 0.73; 95% confidence interval = [0.58, 0.92]). For dose–response analysis, evidence of a nonlinear relationship was found between dietary Mg intake and risk of depression, and the largest risk reductions were observed for 320 mg/day. Conclusion: This meta-analysis indicated that moderate Mg intake may be inversely associated with the risk of depression, which still needs to be confirmed by larger prospective cohort studies.

scholarly journals The level of Bilirubin and the risk of ischemic stroke: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of real-world studies

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiao Wang ◽  
Yang Zhou ◽  
Xiaofei Ye ◽  
Fangchen Liu ◽  
Xi Zhu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ischemic Stroke ◽  
Dose Response ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Secondary Outcome ◽  
Serum Total Bilirubin ◽  
Response Relationship ◽  
Dose Response Relationship ◽  
Meta Analyses ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract Background: Bilirubin, a marker of hepatic and hematological diseases in clinical practice, is not only a waste end-product but also an antioxidant that may protect against diseases associated with oxidative stress. Numerous epidemiological studies have shown an inverse relationship between the serum total bilirubin (TB) level and the risk of ischemic stroke (IS). However, markedly elevated TB levels may exert neurotoxic effects. Based on this, we conducted a dose-response meta-analysis to quantify the relationship between blood TB and IS as well as between TB and all types of stroke (AS) in the physiological range of bilirubin.Methods: PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Cochrane Central databases were searched up to March 2019. Additional studies were identified by reviewing references and contacting authors. Categorical and dose-response meta-analyses were performed to quantify the relationship between TB and IS. The primary outcome was ischemic stroke, and the secondary outcome was all types of stroke.Results: Nine observational studies (seven publications) involving 110,032 participants and 3710 stroke cases were included for analysis. The average OR of IS for every 1 µmol/L increment in TB level was 0.978 (95%CI: 0.957–0.999). The summary OR of AS for every 1 µmol/L increment in TB level was 0.974 (95%CI: 0.956–0.992). Subgroup analysis based on gender showed a negative dose-response relationship between the circulating TB level and IS or AS in males, but not in females.Conclusions: The present study indicates a negative dose-response relationship between the circulating TB level and the risk of IS or AS within physiologic range of serum TB in males. Moderately elevated blood TB levels were associated with a diminished prevalence of IS. Every 1 µmol/L increment in serum TB level was associated with a 2.2% decrease in the risk of IS and a 2.6% decrease in the risk of AS. Large-scaled prospective studies are needed to confirm the conclusion of the current analysis.Trial registration: This study was registered at PROSPERO(https://www.crd. york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/[CRD42017075988]).

scholarly journals Dose–Response Relationship between Physical Workload and Specific Shoulder Diseases—A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 1243
Author(s):  
Andreas Seidler ◽  
Karla Romero Starke ◽  
Alice Freiberg ◽  
Janice Hegewald ◽  
Albert Nienhaus ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Rotator Cuff ◽  
Dose Response ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Physical Workload ◽  
Response Relationship ◽  
Dose Response Relationship ◽  
Doubling Dose ◽  
Risk Increase

Several epidemiological studies have found an association between shoulder-loaded work activities and specific shoulder diseases. No study has derived the dose-response relationship and resulting doubling dose, important for the recognition of occupational diseases. This systematic review is an update of the van der Molen et al. (2017) review. Based on its methodologies, we identified new studies published up to November 2018. The dose-response relationship between physical occupational demands (hands at/above shoulder level, repetitive movements, forceful work, hand-arm vibrations) and specific shoulder diseases (defined as ICD-10 M 75.1-5: rotator cuff syndrome, bicipital tendinitis, calcific tendinitis, impingement, and bursitis) was derived. No evidence for sex-specific differences in the dose-response relationship was found. If there were at least two studies with comparable exposures, a meta-analysis was carried out. The pooled analysis resulted in a 21% risk increase (95% CI 4–41%) per 1000 h of work with hands above shoulder level. A meta-analysis was not possible for other occupational burdens due to the low number of studies and differing exposure measurements; an estimate of the doubling dose was made based on the cohort study of Dalbøge et al. (2014). To conclude, the present systematic review with meta-analysis contributes to knowledge of the level of exposure at which specific shoulder diseases—particularly rotator cuff lesions—should be recognized as an occupational disease.

A SUBCUTANEOUS INJECTION ASSAY FOR ANTI-ANDROGENS IN THE CHICK

1962 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 268-273 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ralph I. Dorfman
Keyword(s):  
Dose Response ◽  
Subcutaneous Injection ◽  
Response Relationship ◽  
Dose Response Relationship

ABSTRACT The stimulating action of testosterone on the chick's comb can be inhibited by the subcutaneous injection of 0.1 mg of norethisterone or Ro 2-7239 (2-acetyl-7-oxo-1,2,3,4,4a,4b,5,6,7,9,10,10a-dodecahydrophenanthrene), 0.5 mg of cortisol or progesterone, and by 4.5 mg of Mer-25 (1-(p-2-diethylaminoethoxyphenyl)-1-phenyl-2-p-methoxyphenyl ethanol). No dose response relationship could be established. Norethisterone was the most active anti-androgen by this test.

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