scholarly journals Study on human subjects – influence of stress and alcohol in simulated traffic situations

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 83
Author(s):  
Mobyen Uddin Ahmed ◽  
Mir Riyanul Islam ◽  
Shaibal Barua ◽  
Bertil Hök ◽  
Emma Jonforsen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sample Size ◽  
Retrospective Studies ◽  
Research Study ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Exclusion Criteria ◽  
Road Users ◽  
Test Scenarios ◽  
Potential Test ◽  
Study Plan

This report presents a research study plan on human subjects – the influence of stress and alcohol in simulated traffic situations under an H2020 project named SIMUSAFE. This research study focuses on road-users’, i.e., car drivers, motorcyclists, bicyclists and pedestrians, behaviour in relation to retrospective studies, where interaction between the users are considered. Here, the study includes sample size, inclusion/exclusion criteria, detailed study plan, protocols, potential test scenarios and all related ethical issues. The study plan has been included in a national ethics application and received approval for implementation.

scholarly journals Study on human subjects – influence of stress and alcohol in simulated traffic situations

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 83
Author(s):  
Mobyen Uddin Ahmed ◽  
Mir Riyanul Islam ◽  
Shaibal Barua ◽  
Bertil Hök ◽  
Emma Jonforsen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sample Size ◽  
Retrospective Studies ◽  
Research Study ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Exclusion Criteria ◽  
Road Users ◽  
Test Scenarios ◽  
Potential Test ◽  
Study Plan

This report presents a research study plan on human subjects – the influence of stress and alcohol in simulated traffic situations under an H2020 project named SIMUSAFE. This research study focuses on road-users’, i.e., car drivers, motorcyclists, bicyclists and pedestrians, behaviour in relation to retrospective studies, where interaction between the users are considered. Here, the study includes sample size, inclusion/exclusion criteria, detailed study plan, protocols, potential test scenarios and all related ethical issues. The study plan has been included in a national ethics application and received approval for implementation.

Chatbots and Gender Stereotyping

2019 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 116-121 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marian McDonnell ◽  
David Baxter
Keyword(s):  
Sample Size ◽  
Gender Stereotypes ◽  
Research Study ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Conversational Agent ◽  
Ethical Implications ◽  
Early Results ◽  
Human Perceptions ◽  
And Gender

Abstract Chatbots are very much an emerging technology, and there is still much to learn about how conversational user interfaces will affect the way in which humans communicate not only with computers but also with one another. Further studies on anthropomorphic agents and the projection of human characteristics onto a system are required to further develop this area. Gender stereotypes operate a profound effect on human behaviour. The application of gender to a conversational agent brings along with it the projection of user biases and preconceptions. These feelings and perceptions about an agent can be used to develop mental models of a system. Users can be inclined to measure the success of a system based on their biases and emotional connections with the agent rather than that of the system’s performance. There have been many studies that show how gender affects human perceptions of a conversational agent. However, there is limited research on the effect of gender when applied to a chatbot system. This chapter presents early results from a research study which indicate that chatbot gender does have an effect on users overall satisfaction and gender-stereotypical perception. Subsequent studies could focus on examining the ethical implications of the results and further expanding the research by increasing the sample size to validate statistical significance, as well as recruiting a more diverse sample size from various backgrounds and experiences. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS Many studies have indicated how gender affects human perceptions of a conversational agent. However, there is limited research on the effect of gender when applied to a chatbot system. This research study presents early results which indicate that chatbot gender does have an effect on users overall satisfaction and gender-stereotypical perception. Users are more likely to apply gender stereotypes when a chatbot system operates within a gender-stereotypical subject domain, such as mechanics, and when the chatbot gender does not conform to gender stereotypes. This study raise ethical issues. Should we exploit this result and perpetuate the bias and stereotyping? Should we really have a male chatbot for technical advice bots? Is this perpetuating stereotyping, the dilemma being that a male version would elicit more trust?

Environmental Health Research and Ethics

2019 ◽  
pp. 753-764
Author(s):  
David B. Resnik
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Health ◽  
Health Research ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Environmental Interventions ◽  
Environmental Health Research ◽  
Research Designs ◽  
Research Regulations ◽  
Kennedy Krieger Institute ◽  
Privacy And Confidentiality

This chapter discusses some of the key ethical issues that arise in environmental health research involving human subjects, including returning individualized research results, protecting privacy and confidentiality, research on environmental interventions, intentional exposure studies, research regulations, autonomy, beneficence, informed consent, payments to subjects, and protecting vulnerable human subjects. The chapter will discuss issues that are common to all research designs, as well as those unique to certain types of designs, such as intentional exposure studies. It will also address ethical issues that arose in two important cases, the Kennedy Krieger Institute lead abatement study, and the Children’s Environmental Exposure Research Study.

scholarly journals Ethical Issues of Fair Subject Selection in the Research

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 37-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sifat Rahman
Keyword(s):  
Human Activity ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Ethical Principles ◽  
International Review ◽  
Exclusion Criteria ◽  
Research Project ◽  
Subject Selection ◽  
Conducting Research ◽  
Oversight System

Ethics and ethical principles extend to all spheres of human activity. They apply to our dealings with each other, with animals and the environment. They should govern our interactions not only in conducting research but also in commerce, employment and politics. Ethics serve to identify good, desirable or acceptable conduct and provide reasons for those conclusions. Fair subject selection is the first and foremost concern which must be ensured before initiating a research project.  Which subjects may enroll in the research is determined by the study’s inclusion or exclusion criteria. One of the important aspects of fair subject selection is to have an oversight system through International Review Board (IRB) to review to conduct the research and to have approval whether subject selection is fair or not.

Participants' Perceptions of Ethical Issues in Research with Humans

1983 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
pp. 231-238 ◽  
Author(s):  
Denis Lynch ◽  
Wayne Graves
Keyword(s):  
Normative Data ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Introductory Psychology ◽  
Academic Major ◽  
Willingness To Participate ◽  
Empirical Methods ◽  
Class Standing ◽  
Subject Pool ◽  
Typical Subject

The recent concern about ethical issues in research with human subjects has fostered an interest in learning more through empirical methods. The present study provides information from potential participants regarding (1) their perception of the likelihood of physical or emotional harm from various experimental procedures and (2) their willingness to participate in experiments using such procedures. Responses were obtained from 1,586 students in introductory psychology classes and were analyzed on the basis of the respondents' age, sex, class standing, and academic major. Besides providing normative data from a typical subject pool, the present study suggests a method of using a research questionnaire as a way of minimizing the chances of offending individual subjects.

scholarly journals Ethical Approaches to Robotic Data Gathering in Academic Research

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dan Burk
Keyword(s):  
Web Sites ◽  
Web Site ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Academic Research ◽  
Data Gathering ◽  
Data Retrieval ◽  
Technical Data ◽  
Deontological Ethics ◽  
Automated Software

Internet researchers increasingly have at their disposal of an array of automated software agents, or "bots," which can rapidly and efficiently retrieve a variety of economic and technical data from publicly accessible web sites. While these automated tools greatly facilitate the retrieval and analysis of data for academic research, they may pose ethical problems for Internet researchers. Specifically, automated software bots place some load on servers being accessed, possibly in contradiction to the expected use of such servers, and possibly in violation of the legal prerogatives of web site owners. Determining how and when to access such web sites, and whether to seek the consent of web site owners for retrieval of publicly accessible data presents an apparent conflict between general principles of information policy and the emerging legal precedent regarding trespass to computers. This conflict may be characterized as pitting utilitarian considerations against deontological considerations in a fashion reminiscent of previous debates over informed consent in on-line research. In this paper, we examine both utilitarian and deontological characterizations of the ethical obligations of researchers employing automated data retrieval bots, and argue that the contrasts between the two approaches do not necessarily result in conflict. Instead, we argue that the tension within the relevant practices indicates the need for a "meta-choice" between utilitarian and deontological considerations. We further suggest certain factors that may differentiate such a "metaethical" choice in the context of automated data retrieval from the "meta-ethical" choice presented in previously identified contexts of human subjects research or of web browser technology design. In the end, we argue that by analyzing the ethical issues in terms of the contrast between utilitarian and deontological ethics, it is possible to resolve some of the ethical dilemmas regarding automated data retrieval in fruitful and cogent ways.

scholarly journals Ethical issues on artificial intelligence in radiology: how is it reported in research articles? The current state and future directions

2021 ◽  
Vol 90 (2) ◽  
pp. e513
Author(s):  
Tomasz Piotrowski ◽  
Joanna Kazmierska ◽  
Mirosława Mocydlarz-Adamcewicz ◽  
Adam Ryczkowski
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Exclusion Criteria ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Current State ◽  
Ethical Status ◽  
The Status ◽  
Clinical Questions ◽  
Almost All

Background. This paper evaluates the status of reporting information related to the usage and ethical issues of artificial intelligence (AI) procedures in clinical trial (CT) papers focussed on radiology issues as well as other (non-trial) original radiology articles (OA). Material and Methods. The evaluation was performed by three independent observers who were, respectively physicist, physician and computer scientist. The analysis was performed for two groups of publications, i.e., for CT and OA. Each group included 30 papers published from 2018 to 2020, published before guidelines proposed by Liu et al. (Nat Med. 2020; 26:1364-1374). The set of items used to catalogue and to verify the ethical status of the AI reporting was developed using the above-mentioned guidelines. Results. Most of the reviewed studies, clearly stated their use of AI methods and more importantly, almost all tried to address relevant clinical questions. Although in most of the studies, patient inclusion and exclusion criteria were presented, the widespread lack of rigorous descriptions of the study design apart from a detailed explanation of the AI approach itself is noticeable. Few of the chosen studies provided information about anonymization of data and the process of secure data sharing. Only a few studies explore the patterns of incorrect predictions by the proposed AI tools and their possible reasons. Conclusion. Results of review support idea of implementation of uniform guidelines for designing and reporting studies with use of AI tools. Such guidelines help to design robust, transparent and reproducible tools for use in real life.

scholarly journals Some Questions of Ethics in RCTs

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Reetika Khera
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Events ◽  
Randomized Controlled Trials ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Belmont Report ◽  
Institutional Review Boards ◽  
Controlled Trials ◽  
Randomized Controlled ◽  
Institutional Review ◽  
Areas Of Concern

Questions of ethics in Randomized Controlled Trials (RCTs) in development economics need greater attention and a wider perspective. RCTs are meant to be governed by the three principles laid out in the Belmont Report, but often violated them, e.g. when local laws are flouted. In other cases, the framework of the Belmont Report itself has proved inadequate: for instance, when there are unintended outcomes or adverse events for which no-one is held accountable. Primarily using RCTs conducted in India, this paper highlights eight areas of concern. RCTs also have a disproportionate influence on shaping research agendas and on policy. Though ethical issues have been raised, there has been little engagement from the RCT community – a manifestation of its power in the profession. As current safeguards (such as oversight by Institutional Review Boards) have failed to protect human subjects, the concluding section discusses possible ways to resolve these issues.

scholarly journals GENERATING WORKING HYPOTHESES FOR ORIGINAL RESEARCH STUDIES

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 14-19
Author(s):  
Durga Prasanna Misra ◽  
Vikas Agarwal
Keyword(s):  
Sample Size ◽  
Research Study ◽  
Research Proposal ◽  
Original Research ◽  
Proposal A ◽  
Expected Outcome ◽  
Working Hypotheses ◽  
Young Researchers ◽  
Research Studies

A hypothesis is a statement of the expected outcome of a research study, generally based on analysis of prior published knowledge, or with reference to the previous work of the investigators. The hypothesis forms the foundation of a research proposal. A study based, and planned, on a sound hypothesis may have a greater likelihood of meaningfully contributing to science. After the generation of a hypothesis, it is equally important to appropriately design and adequately power a study (by ensuring a sufficient sample size) in order to test the hypothesis. Adhering to principles discussed forthwith shall help young researchers to generate and test their own hypotheses, and these are best learnt with experience.

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