Radiation-Hygienic Monitoring in Potentially Radon-Hazardous Territories

2021 ◽  
Vol 66 (4) ◽  
pp. 42-50
Author(s):  
Tat'yana Laschenova ◽  
L. Karl ◽  
A. Marennyy
Keyword(s):  
Building Materials ◽  
Natural Radionuclides ◽  
Public Buildings ◽  
Volumetric Activity ◽  
Dose Load ◽  
Fault Type ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
The Moment ◽  
Type 3 ◽  
The City

Modern radioecological studies to assess the effect of natural radiation on the human body have shown that at the moment of development of society, the main contribution to the exposure of the population is made by natural sources of ionizing radiation, while from 50 to 90 % of the dose load are caused by the gas radon-222 (222Rn) and daughter products of its decay. This paper presents the results of radiation-hygienic monitoring of the potentially radon-hazardous territory of the city of Baley, Trans-Baikal Territory. The measurement of the volumetric activity of radon (OARn) was carried out in the premises of residential and public buildings by the integral method using track exposure meters REI-4. According to the indicator of the equivalent equilibrium volumetric activity of radon (EROARn), a radiation-hygienic assessment of the premises and the calculation of potential dose loads on the population living in this territory were carried out. Studies have shown that OARn in residential and public buildings depends on the geological characteristics of the territory, on the design and design of buildings and structures, and on the building materials used. It was found that the main criterion for assessing the potential radon hazard of territories is the value of OARn in rooms on the 1st floors of buildings. According to the degree of potential radon hazard, the territory of the city of Baley can be conditionally divided into 3 types: 1 type – the territory located on a geological fault; Type 2 – the southern part of the city, represented by sedimentary rocks; Type 3 – the northern part of the city, represented by rocks of the basic gabbroid group with a low content of natural radionuclides. The types of buildings and structures and the type of building materials affect the dose load, but do not determine it.

scholarly journals The Ancient City of Babylon

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (40) ◽  
pp. 617-656
Author(s):  
Mohammed S. Mahan ◽  
Ghassan Muslim Hamza
Keyword(s):  
Historical Development ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Building Materials ◽  
Large City ◽  
Aerial Photos ◽  
The North ◽  
City Gates ◽  
Upper Level ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
The City

       Babylon during Nebuchadnezzar II (604-562 BC) was a great city. It had been a large city since Old Babylonian times, but Nebuchadnezzar’s expansion of the city and large-scale rebuilding of important buildings with good baked brick instead of the traditional unbaked mudbrick created something exceptional. Babylon now was larger than Nineveh had been and larger than any of the cities in the known world. The political and economic base for this development was of course that it was the centre of the Neo-Babylonian empire created by Nebuchadnezzar’s father Nabopolassar (625–605 BC) and succeeding the Neo Assyrian empire as the main political entity in the Middle East.         An attempt for the first time to bring together the main results of the German excavations in Babylon with the main results from the Iraqi excavations there and thereby make use of the available cuneiform documentation and a selected use of the best of the classical tradition. With the help of a GIS software (QGIS) and a BIM program (ArchiCAD) the use of satellite images and aerial photos combined with inspection on the site, the historical development of the site has been studied and a digital research model of Babylon for different periods of the city’s history has been created.          Only main buildings and constructions have been considered and placed in the appropriate historical and archaeological context. Part 1 includes some information about the historical development of buildings and nature in Babylon, the rivers and groundwater in Baybylon, as well as basics about the building materials used in Babylon. Part 2 discuss the city walls and city gates, introductory matters about the history, excavation and other documentations of the walls and gates. The chapter also includes presentation of the walls and gates during Nabopolassar followed by a detailed discussion of the walls and gates during Nebuchadnezzar. The Ištar gate and the area around it with the different levels and the upper level glazed decoration have been treated separately. Detailed interpretations about the palaces, development of the main traditional South Palace and the new constructed North are discussed in part 3. Reasonable suggestions for the Hanging Gardens in the North Palace have be provided.          The temples are discussed in part 4 detailing the Marduk temple and the zikkurrat. The historical development of the four temples reconstructed on the site in Babylon on their old foundations, i.e. Nabû, Ištar, Ašratum, and Ninmaḫ temples, is discussed with indication which levels have been used for the reconstructions. The historical development of the other excavated temples, i.e. the Ninurta and Išḫara temples, are discussed in a similar way. Attention will be paid to the remains of wall decorations in the temples.  

scholarly journals MEASUREMENT OF RADON ACTIVITY CONCENTRATION IN BUILDING MATERIALS USED IN BOSNIA AND HERCEGOVINA

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ema Sinanović ◽  
Feriz Adrović ◽  
Amira Kasumović ◽  
Amela Kasić
Keyword(s):  
Ionizing Radiation ◽  
Bosnia And Herzegovina ◽  
Building Materials ◽  
Activity Concentration ◽  
Indoor Radon ◽  
Natural Radionuclides ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Indoor Exposure ◽  
Radon Activity ◽  
Materials Used

Man is continuously exposed to ionizing radiation because of the presence of naturally occurring radioactive materials (NORM) in the environment. Various technological processes of processing and using of materials that contain natural radionuclides generate materials of enhanced natural radioactivity (TENORM). The largest contribution to irradiance with natural sources of ionizing radiation is the exposure of the population to indoor radon. This gas originates from the radioactive decay of 226Ra and 224Ra that are present in the soil under houses and building materials. Depending on the type of building materials, indoor exposure to radon at dwellings and workplaces can be over a thousand times greater than in outdoor space. In Bosnia and Herzegovina, no valid and comprehensive radiological studies on the building materials have been performed that would guarantee for their dosimetric safety use for installation in residential and industrial buildings, highways, as well as their application for other purposes. The quantification of the radon levels that comes from building materials is a necessary and very important part of the global protection of the population from ionizing radiation. This paper presents the first results of a study on the radon activity concentrations in building materials used in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Measurements were performedwith a professional Alpha GUARD system. The mean values of the activity concentration of the exhaled radon of investigated building materials varied from 10 Bqm-3 to 101 Bqm-3, radon exhalation rate values ranged from 77.0 mBqm-2h-1 to 777.7 mBqm-2h-1. Gamma dose rate was in the range 57–112 nSv h−1.

Determination of natural radioactivity in building materials used in the Karachi area by γ-ray spectrometry and INAA

2004 ◽  
Vol 92 (12) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jamshed H. Zaidi ◽  
M. Arif ◽  
I. Fatima
Keyword(s):  
Natural Radioactivity ◽  
Building Materials ◽  
Natural Radionuclides ◽  
Γ Ray ◽  
Materials Used

SummarySamples of sand, stone and manufactured building materials collected from Karachi area have been analyzed for the primordial natural radionuclides

Research on Color Design in Reconstruction of Architectures Alongside Streets Based on Building Materials

2013 ◽  
Vol 743 ◽  
pp. 13-16
Author(s):  
Ye Ling Li ◽  
Xin Yu Wang
Keyword(s):  
Building Materials ◽  
Housing Project ◽  
City Image ◽  
Color Design ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
The City

With the development of the society, peoples requirement for façade and image of the constructions in the city has changed. This thesis, taking the warm-housing project in Changchun for example, studies the color design and the choice and improvement of the materials used in architectures, and it also analyses the influence of the color design and the choice of architectural material on the whole city image and the importance of the design in architectures.

Natural Radionuclides in the Building Materials used in Manisa City, Turkey

2006 ◽  
Vol 15 (5) ◽  
pp. 495-498 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. S. Erees ◽  
S. A. Dayanıklı ◽  
S. Çam
Keyword(s):  
Building Materials ◽  
Natural Radionuclides ◽  
Materials Used

scholarly journals NATURAL RADIONUCLIDE DISTRIBUTION AND RADON EXHALATION RATE FROM THE SOIL IN VILNIUS CITY

2007 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dainius Jasaitis ◽  
Aloyzas Girgždys
Keyword(s):  
Building Materials ◽  
Natural Radionuclides ◽  
Natural Radionuclide ◽  
Radon Exhalation Rate ◽  
Clay Loam ◽  
Exhalation Rate ◽  
Radon Exhalation ◽  
Radionuclide Distribution ◽  
The City ◽  
Different Soils

In the territory of Vilnius city radioisotopic composition of different soils was experimentally determined and radon exhalation rate from the soil was evaluated using these data. Specific activitys of natural radionuclides 226Ra, 232Th and 40K were measured. From identified natural radionuclides the biggest quantities were for 40K (263 Bq/kg), the smallest values ‐ for 232Th (5 Bq/kg), average 226Ra values reached 13 Bq/kg. Radon exhalation rate from the soil in Vilnius city was calculated and evaluated. Distribution of radon exhalation rate values in the whole territory of the city is stated. The received values vary from 15 Bq/m2·h (in clay loam) to 23 Bq/m2·h (in sand). It is assessed that of the most important parameters, which determine radon exhalation rate from the soil, are the quantity of radium and the porosity of the soil. It is observed that radon exhalation rate from the soil is bigger than that from building materials. This difference is determined by a bigger porosity of the soil.

scholarly journals Determination of Activity Concentration of Natural Radionuclides and Radiation Hazards’ Assessment of Building Materials in High Background Radiation Areas of Homa and Ruri, Kenya

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Willis Otieno Gor Odongo ◽  
Margaret Chege ◽  
Nadir Hashim ◽  
Shinji Tokonami ◽  
Kranrod Chutima ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Building Materials ◽  
Activity Concentration ◽  
Background Radiation ◽  
Natural Radionuclides ◽  
High Background ◽  
Dose Rates ◽  
Radium Equivalent ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
The One

The areas around Homa and Ruri hills in Homa Bay County in Kenya are associated with high background radiation levels. The activity concentration of the natural radionuclides (226Ra, 232Th, and 40K) in earthen building materials used in the areas of Homa and Ruri hills has been measured using a NaI (Tl) detector in this work. The measured values of radioactivity concentrations are used to estimate the associated radiological risk. The earthen building material samples from Ruri registered relatively high 232Th concentration values averaging 1094 ± 55 Bq/kg, nearly three times those of the samples from Homa. 226Ra level was not significantly different in both regions with Homa reporting 129 ± 10 Bq/kg and Ruri 111 ± 6 Bq/kg. 40K was however higher in the samples from Homa by an approximate factor of 2 relative to those from Ruri where the activity concentration was 489 ± 24 Bq/kg. The radium equivalents for 226Ra, 232Th, and 40K in the samples from Ruri were 111 ± 9, 1564 ± 125, and 38 ± 3 Bq/kg, while in Homa, the values were 129 ± 10, 570 ± 46, and 69 ± 5 Bq/kg, respectively. The calculated value of total radium equivalent in Ruri was 1713 ± 137 Bq/kg which was two times higher than that of Homa. 232Th contributed about 74% and 91% to the total radium equivalent in Homa and Ruri, respectively; thus, it was the one with the largest contribution to radiation exposure in both regions. The average indoor annual effective dose rates were 1.74 ± 0.14 and 3.78 ± 0.30 mSv/y in Homa and Ruri, respectively, both of which were above the recommended safety limit of 1 mSv/y.

Etruscan Architecture

Classics ◽  
2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ingrid Edlund-Berry
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Building Materials ◽  
Public Buildings ◽  
Late 19Th Century ◽  
The 1950S ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
New Evidence

The study of Etruscan architecture suffers greatly in comparison with its Greek and Roman counterparts because of the building materials used. Whereas Greek temples, such as the Parthenon in Athens, and Roman public buildings, such as the immense bath complex of Caracalla in Rome, immediately catch the attention and admiration of students and travelers, Etruscan architectural remains consist for the most part of underground tombs, foundation walls, models of huts and houses, and fragments of terracotta roof decoration. At the same time, thanks to the description by the Roman architectural historian Vitruvius (Ten Books on Architecture 4.7.1–4), the proportions and layout of the so-called Tuscan temple are well known and have been much admired and studied during the Renaissance and later. The perception of Etruscan architecture has, however, changed much since the advent of large-scale excavations in the late 19th century, and since the 1950s new evidence has produced important results for our understanding of the architectural traditions in ancient Italy.

Analysis of Building Facade Materials Usage Pattern in Tehran

2019 ◽  
Vol 31 ◽  
pp. 46-62 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara Jalali ◽  
Danial Monsefi Parapari ◽  
Mohammad Javad Mahdavinejad
Keyword(s):  
Building Materials ◽  
Microsoft Excel ◽  
R Software ◽  
The Past ◽  
Software Packages ◽  
Building Facade ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The City ◽  
Selection Of

Clever decision making in the selection of building materials is a topic that focuses on important aspects of the building industry.‏ The materials used in the facade of the building not only affect the appearance of the building and the city but also affect the environmental, social, economic, energy efficiency and other kinds of aspects. Considering the importance of this issue, in this research, the city of Tehran‏ was studied in terms of building materials and tried to solve the problems of Tehran by identifying and analyzing the current situation. Statistical analysis was performed using R software packages version 3.5.0 and Microsoft Excel. The most important result of the data is that travertine has been identified as the most commonly used material in Tehran since the past 10 years. In this research, after examining the various types of materials used in the facade of the buildings in Tehran, we seek to discover the relationship between the type of building materials and the building age. In addition, after examining sample buildings, several common types of combinations of materials have been presented in the facades of Tehran's buildings. Keywords: building materials, building facade, travertine

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