Patriotic Service of the Russian Orthodox Church and Religious Organizations During the Great Patriotic War: Chronicle of the Feat

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 79-84
Author(s):  
Natalya Shafazhinskaya
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Soviet Union ◽  
Moral Education ◽  
Objective Assessment ◽  
Russian Orthodox ◽  
Orthodox Church ◽  
Russian Orthodox Church ◽  
Great Patriotic War ◽  
Patriotic Education ◽  
Great Victory

The article is devoted to the theme of Patriotic and social service of Russian Orthodox Church in the tragic and, along with that glorious period of the great Patriotic war of 1941-1945 was marked by important achievements of the Patriotic service of the spiritual hierarchs and leaders of Orthodox culture in the context of the events of the liberation struggle of the Soviet people in the great Patriotic war. It describes some of the fate of ascetics, both in the Soviet Union and abroad, who, in the face of opposition to the Nazi regime, continued to serve, performed Christian feats and made a significant contribution to the approach of the great Victory in the great Patriotic war and World War II. The importance of a thorough study of the activities of religious figures throughout the war period is associated with the need for a more objective assessment of the contribution of the Russian Orthodox Church to the Great Victory. The importance of a thorough study of the activities of religious figures throughout the war period is associated with the need for a more objective assessment of the contribution of the Russian Orthodox Church to the Great Victory. In addition, the Ministry of Orthodox leaders and Christian ascetics should be reflected in the program of Patriotic education of students and schoolchildren as a necessary component of comprehensive humanitarian and spiritual and moral education of modern youth.

The Development of the Search Movement in the Context of Orthodox Traditions of Honouring Those who Died for the Fatherland

2020 ◽  
pp. 206-220
Author(s):  
Dmitriy Komarov
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Development Stage ◽  
Russian Orthodox ◽  
Orthodox Church ◽  
Search Activity ◽  
Russian Orthodox Church ◽  
Modern Development ◽  
Hard Times ◽  
Patriotic Education ◽  
Post War

An important element included in the concept of civic-patriotic education implemented in the Russian Federation is to preserve the memory of the heroic acts performed by our citizens in hard times of history. In the post-war period a unique volunteer movement like the search movement emerged in the Soviet Union. The article studies the causes of the search as a social «grass-roots» initiative and its evolution. The article determines relevance and importance of search work for our country. According to official figures, up to 2,5 million people are currently on the list of the «missing in action» during the Great Patriotic War. The activities of the search squads are studied in the background of the Orthodox traditions of honouring and commemoration of the dead that had been held in Russia until 1917. The article states their main stages and determines the role and place of the Russian Orthodox Church. It is shown that the formation of a single structure lasted for several centuries and was finally formed only at the beginning of the 20th century. The work determines differences in the Orthodox tradition of reverence for fallen warriors and search activity, which is initially, in fact, a phenomenon that arose within the framework of the Soviet-atheistic ideology. The study of the modern development stage of the search movement and the activities of the Russian Orthodox Church in this regard allow the author to talk about combining the pre-revolutionary Orthodox practice of honouring and commemorating the fallen soldiers with the traditions and experience gained by the country’s search squads. A vivid proof of this tradition is the multi-million people’s public movement «Immortal Regiment», which is expanding every year and has gone far beyond Russia.

scholarly journals Religious diplomacy of the Soviet Union in the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia in 1948-1953 in the context of international situation of the USSR

2021 ◽  
pp. 10-21
Author(s):  
Nikodim Olegovich Pashkov ◽  
Oleg Alekssevich Novikov
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Soviet Union ◽  
Political Elite ◽  
Political Regime ◽  
The Political ◽  
Practical Implementation ◽  
Russian Orthodox ◽  
Orthodox Church ◽  
Russian Orthodox Church ◽  
The Soviet Union

The subject of this article is a historical-political research of the key vectors of state-confessional policy of the USSR in the countries of the “people's democracy”, which received practical implementation within the framework of prevailing legal practices. Special attention is given to the analysis of intervention of Soviet diplomacy into state-confessional relations in the territory of the socialist Yugoslavia. After the end of the World War II, one of the largest religious organizations of the Yugoslav State, the Serbian Orthodox Church, faced multiple historical challenges. The course of historical process yielded this religious organization to opposition against the political elite of Yugoslavia. The outside “actors”, including Soviet Union, which relations with Yugoslavia deteriorated significantly during this period, sought to benefit from such situation. The novelty of article consists in tracing the correlation between the political-ideological discourses of state-confessional relations of middle of the XX century and modern practices of state-confessional policy of the Russian Federation. Examination of the genesis and practical implementation of the key vectors of “confessional diplomacy” of the Soviet Union is first and foremost associated with the practical implementation of Marxist political legal ideas in the area of “political compromise” with the “capitalist world”. The conclusion is made that historically, in the international “confessional diplomacy” of the Soviet Union, the Russian Orthodox Church promoted the interests of the prevailing in USSR political regime, which affected the position of the Russian Orthodox Church on the international arena, as well as its internal affairs.

scholarly journals Między Kijowem a Konstantynopolem Relacje Kościoła ukraińskiego z Patriarchatem Ekumenicznym (X–XXI w.)

2019 ◽  
pp. 67-95
Author(s):  
Konrad Kuczara
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Second World War ◽  
Russian Orthodox ◽  
Orthodox Church ◽  
World War ◽  
Russian Orthodox Church ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
In The Beginning ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Second World

Relations between the Ukrainian Church and Constantinople were difficult. This goes back as far as 988, when the Christianisation of the Rus created a strong alliance between Kiev and the Byzantine Empire. There were times when Constantinople had no influence over the Kiev Metropolis. During the Mongolian invasion in 1240, the Ukranian region was broken up and Kiev lost its power. The headquarters of the Kiev Metropolis were first moved to Wlodzimierz nad Klazma in 1299 and then to Moscow in1325. In 1458 the Metropolis of Kiev was divided into two; Kiev and Moscow, but Kiev still remained under the jurisdiction of the Patriarchate of Constantinople. Since that time, the orthodox hierarchs of Moscow no longer adhered to the title Bishop of Kiev and the whole of Rus and in 1588 the Patriarchate of Moscow was founded. In 1596 when  the Union of Brest was formed,  the orthodox church of the Polish Lithuanian Commonwealth was not liquidated. Instead it was formally revived in 1620 and in 1632 it was officially recognized by king Wladyslaw Waza. In 1686 the Metropolis of Kiev which until that time was under the Patriarchate of Constantinople was handed over to the jurisdiction of Moscow. It was tsarist diplomats that bribed the Ottoman Sultan of the time to force the Patriarchate to issue a decree giving Moscow jurisdiction over the Metropolis of Kiev. In the beginning of the 19th century, Kiev lost its Metropolitan status and became a regular diocese of the Russian Orthodox Church. Only in the beginning of the 20thcentury, during the time of the Ukrainian revolution were efforts made to create an independent Church of Ukraine. In 1919 the autocephaly was announced, but the Patriarchate of Constantinople did not recognize it. . The structure of this Church was soon to be liquidated and it was restored again after the second world war at the time when Hitler occupied the Ukraine. In 1992, after the dissolution of the Soviet Union, when Ukraine gained its independence, the Metropolitan of Kiev requested that the Orthodox Church of Ukraine becomes autocephalous but his request was rejected by the Patriarchate of Moscow. Until 2018 the Patriarchate of Kiev and the autocephalous Church remained unrecognized and thus considered schismatic. In 2018 the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople looked  into the matter and on 5thJanuary 2019, the Orthodox Church of Ukraine received it’s tomos of autocephaly from Constantinople. The Patriarchate of Moscow opposed the decision of Constantinople and as a result refused to perform a common Eucharist with the new Church of Ukraine and with the Patriarchate of Constantinople.

The Anti-Religious Campaign in the Soviet Union

1955 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 329-344 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. S. Timasheff
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Russian Orthodox ◽  
National Council ◽  
Orthodox Church ◽  
Russian Orthodox Church ◽  
Soviet Government ◽  
Religious Policy ◽  
Movie Theaters ◽  
The Soviet Union

During the years 1939–45, a spectacular change occurred in the anti-religious policy of the Soviet government. The pattern of direct persecution was discarded and replaced by a more subtle pattern of ostentatious compromise in combination with indirect pressure. The compromise was publicly demonstrated at the meeting of the National Council of the Russian Orthodox Church (January-February 1945) convoked, by permission of the Soviet government, to elect a new Patriarch in place of the deceased Sergius. The Council was attended by a number of high dignitaries of the non-Russian Orthodox Churches; many of them were flown to the Council in Soviet bombers. At the end of the Council, a gala reception was organized for its members by G. Karpov, the chairman of the Council for the Affairs of the Orthodox Church; during that reception two choirs could be heard, the Patriarch's choir and the Moscow Philharmonic choir sponsored by the Soviet government. The enthroning of the new Patriarch Alexei was filmed and the film displayed in all the movie theaters of the Union.

scholarly journals The Foreign Press about the Change of Attitude of Soviet Power to Orthodoxy in 1943 (According to TASS)

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (6) ◽  
pp. 62-171
Author(s):  
Drobotushenko Evgeny V. ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
South America ◽  
The United States ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Freedom Of Religion ◽  
Russian Orthodox ◽  
Orthodox Church ◽  
Russian Orthodox Church ◽  
Soviet Government ◽  
The Press

The article analyzes a selection of materials of the foreign press, made by the Telegraph Agency of the Soviet Union (TASS) in 1943 on the reaction to the change in the attitude of the Soviet government to the Russian Orthodox Church (ROC). It is presented in one of the files of the state archive of the Russian Federation (SARF). In the collection mentioned, there are notes and articles of various editions of the countries of Europe, and also the States of North and South America, Africa, Australia. The claimed problems have not been seriously analyzed from the scientific point of view so far. The author notes that the negative and positive assessments of the transformation of the religious policy of the USSR were clearly divided into the two camps: the countries that supported the USSR in 1943 and the countries that had opposite views. The rhetoric of the press in the United States, Canada and England differed significantly from that one in Europe as a whole, and even more in Nazi Germany, Italy and Romania. The press of countries that were far away from the events, for example, the States of South America or Australia, reflected a neutral attitude to what was happening. Against this background, all actions of the Soviet authorities were assessed as superficial, temporary, and “fake”. According to the critics, they were forced. In reality, there was no question of freedom of religion in the USSR. In turn, the press of the allied countries relatively highly appreciated the changes in the policy of the Soviet state. It is obvious that the problems stated in the title of the article require further serious scientific analysis, which implies a large volume of work with foreign media of the time under consideration and with archival sources. Keywords: religion, Orthodoxy, freedom of religion, Patriarch, Council for the Affairs of the Russian Orthodox Church, mass media

scholarly journals Ruská pravoslavná církev a ochrana křesťanů jako směr zahraniční politiky

2021 ◽  
Vol 56 (3) ◽  
pp. 7-38
Author(s):  
Maria Avanesova
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Soviet Union ◽  
The State ◽  
Primary Sources ◽  
Russian Orthodox ◽  
Orthodox Church ◽  
Russian Orthodox Church ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
The Church

The Russian Orthodox Church has become a significant actor in Russia after the fall of the Soviet Union. This text is dedicated to its role in Russiaʼs foreign policy, specifically to the topic of the Russian interest in problems and protection of Christians, which is one of the most essential parts of the cooperation between the state and the Church. Analyzing primary sources (state and Church documents), the author shows when and under what circumstances this topic became relevant to both actors, what role the Russian Orthodox Church played in this regard and how the topic of protecting Christians is used by the Russian regime today. The study shows that the interest in protection of Christians did not arise simultaneously on both sides and that it is connected mainly with situations where a threat for Christians is posed by unfriendly actors.

К новой современности: корейская историография Перестройки и крах Советского союза

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jo. Junbae
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Early Years ◽  
Main Stage ◽  
Russian Orthodox ◽  
Orthodox Church ◽  
Social Scientists ◽  
Russian Orthodox Church ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
Professional Research ◽  
High Level

Korean historiography of Perestroika and its resulting dissolution of the Soviet Union shows in what way a country under the dual system of cold war and division sought to understand the historical experience of an alien and even opposing regime in the northern world. Generally, Korean scholars’ recognitions and analyses of such history were very partial and did not reach at a high level, although some of them demonstrated fine achievements equipped with fresh methodologies and a lot of various materials. Ideological foundations of the Soviet regime came under inspection in Korea as early as in the middle of Perestroika. Many of social scientists and historians actively jumped into the study of the dynamics of Soviet statecraft as politics was the main stage where Gorbachev’s reform was vigorously carried out. The changes of the Soviet economy under Perestroika were another subject for Korean scholars to research from its early years as they formed the heart of Gorbachev’s reform, especially in the late 1980s. Nationalities question and the Russian orthodox church of the Perestroika era were the area in which professional research was undertaken relatively later in Korea, contrary to their role in maintaining or strengthening identity and nationalism among the Soviet population. However, it is evident that Perestroika provided Koreans with an invaluable opportunity for a full-scale study on the Soviet Union as both countries established diplomatic ties with each other in 1990. In addition, the story of Soviet socialism and its demise allowed Korean intellectuals to think over what prospect and possibility the humanity could have for their future lives. In conclusion, the Soviet times gave an indication about what direction they would take and what efforts they should make.

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