Fixed Lexical Combinations in the Book Poetic «Personal Series» in the Light of Computer Research and Author’s Reflection

he article is devoted to the identification of repeated lexical combinations in poetic texts using the original software system «Hypertext Search for Companion-words in Author’s Texts». The steadily adjacent words found in this way turn out to be characteristic either for the majority of native speakers, or for a certain poetic tradition, or for a particular author. The study objective is to compare the results of the most objective computer processing of texts with the philologists’ interpretation and subjective author’s commentary, as well as to outline insufficiently studied issues of the poetry psychology.

The Concept of «Sport Doctor» in the Autobiographical Discourse

The subject of study in the article is the concept of «sports doctor» in autobiographical discourse considered on the material of the book «Seeing with Your Hands – My Life and my Medicine» (in original: «Mein Leben und mein Medizin. Mit den Händen sehen») written by German sports Doctor Hans-Wilhelm Müller-Wolfarth. The purpose of the study is to analyze this concept in the linguistic and cultural aspect. The findings make up a number of functionally significant features of the «sports doctor» concept. This concept has the following features: 1) it is kaleidoscopic, it includes such aspects as «responsibility», «selflessness», «dedication», etc.; 2) it integrates a wide range of medical terms; 3) it is filled with various lexical and semantic groups, for example, «Organism», «Trauma», «Medicines». The research carried out in this article presents the results that can be used in research and teaching activities related to training at a medical university. This article deals with a discursive and conceptual analysis and a contextological method, a method of classification and description.

Symbolics of the Soul in the «Black and Blue» Book of Poems by A. Ladinsky (On the Question of the Artistic World Specifics)

The article considers a representation of the soul and its symbolism in the «Black and Blue» (1930), the first book of poems by A. Ladinsky in the aspect of poetic anthropology. As a representative of the Parisian poetic branch of the first emigration wave, A. Ladinsky constructs a unique artistic universe based on the opposition of the earthly and heavenly aspects of human existence. The poet’s work reflects the conceptual understanding of the dichotomy, expressed by the physical-material «bottom» and the divine-spiritual «top», produces the actual- ization of the «soul» microcosm as a value-semantic center of the depicted world. The analysis of A. Ladinsky’s poems, based on the combination of anthro- pological, semiotic, and mythopoetic approaches to the artistic text, shows that in the poetics of the «Black and Blue» the idea of the soul is revealed in a system of interrelated, but not identical to each other personifications and symbolic signs. The article indicates four key parameters of the soul representation: 1) its objec- tification in the mythological images of the Muse and Psyche; 2) actualization of «flight» and «lamentation» motifs symbolizing and universalizing the views of the exiled human fate and the experience of death; 3) the contact of the earthly and heavenly existence dimensions realized through such symbols of the soul as a «butterfly», «breath», «smoke», a «heart»; 4) the endowment of the soul with the status of «eternal femininity» embodying the beloved who is ideal and therefore inaccessible to the male lyric «self». It is concluded that in A. Ladinsky’s mythopoetic universe the soul embod- ies the indelibility of the vital movement of the opposed microcosm and macro- cosm. Therefore, in the conception of the «Black and Blue» the myth of the im- mortal human soul becomes the main line assisting to understand the deep antinomies of the universe.

«The Tsar, My Lord, Have Mercy on Me». The Problems in the Recruitment of Service Men «According to the Instrument» to Yelets Fortress at the End of the XVI Century

The article is devoted to the history related to the formation of service groups in a southern outpost of the Moscow state at the end of the 16th century. It was Yelets fortress which for many years became a barrier on the road of the detachments of Cherkasy and Crimean Tatars; it ensured the coordinated work of the stanitsa and guard services. The problematic of the article reveals issues related to the formation of a combat-capable military garrison from the inhabitants of the region as well as to determining the reasons why service maen left the fortress and their service. The surviving materials of numerous cases make it possible to trace the behavior of Yelets citizens included in the life of the fortress and their involvement in solving not only military, but also economic issues related to the construction of fortifications and land development. The analysis of the documents allows us to determine how difficult and dangerous the service and life of a medieval man was, every day they faced with harsh environmental conditions, as well as the threat of being killed or captured. In addition, one can trace the features of the behavioral model characterizing Yelets service people. The models are clearly reflected in correspondence with the Ambassadorial Order. In general, the article сovers the issue how the formation of local society happened if we consider the characteristics of the region and the population’s perception of their duties to the tsar and the central government as a whole.

Colonial Past in Italian Relations with the Former African Colonies

The subject of article is influence of the colonial past on the relations of former metropole, namely Italy, with its former colonies in Africa. The question is considered in the context of the fact that the British, French or even Portuguese colonialisms definitely left interstate entities. In other words, they continue to considerably influence the relations with their former African colonies. Italian one, in its turn, left nothing like the Commonwealth of Nations, the International Organisation of La Francophonie or the Community of Portuguese Language Countries. However, by 2021 even in relations with each individual former colony of Rome in Africa (Eritrea, Somalia and Libya), it was replaced by the current agenda. Only in the case of Eritrea, which emerged as a result of Italian rule, there is probability, that in the nearest future the colonial past will affect its relations with Italy. Somalia, and especially Libya, which had been a reminder of the need to repair colonial damage for more than half a century, ceased to exist as single states. As a result, the long-ended colonialism ceased to be vital for their relations with the former metropole in a positive and negative way. Moreover, the author highlights that for any former colony, not only in Africa, or a country with big Italian community, Rome did nothing comparable with at least the Dutch Language Union. It means, that the elimination of any trace of Italian colonialism from international affairs is related not only to its weakness, but also to the lack of efforts made by modern Italy.

Specialized News Television: Structural, Substantive and Stylistic Features (Based on Cultural News)

Specialized news broadcasting is of particular interest and it needs to be studied. The subject of the article is the content-thematic and stylistic features of news and information-analytical programs on the Kultura (Сulture) TV channel. The research is based on the method of content analysis, linguistic methods of analysis. As a result, the content and thematic features of information broadcasting in the field of culture have been revealed. The topics of the TV channel programs are diverse; they include such types of art as theater, music, literature, visual arts, cinema, etc. By topic and modality, news stories are divided into news itself, news announcements, and news retrospectives. «News of Culture with Vladislav Flyarkovsky», as constants of information and analytical television, retaines emphasis on the presenter’s strong authorial position, depth of topic coverage, a desire to comment on a phenomenon or event, to assess it, and reveal it from all sides. The communicative and stylistic design of the final program is conditioned, on the one hand, by the format of news broadcasting, on the other hand, by the theme (in the speech of journalists the vocabulary of art history, culturolog- ical and philosophical discourses prevail; restraint, intimacy, emphasizing the importance of cultural facts is combined with analyticism, emotional and evaluative nature of information presentation). The revealed features make it possible to talk about a special television format such as symbiosis of cultural and educational journalism, and information journalism.

Pleasant and Useful Pastime Journal: The Formation of the Literary Canon

The paper considers the role of Pleasant and Useful Pastime journal in the formation of the Russian literary canon. The journal had been published for five years; in the 1790s it was widely known. As an educational periodical addressed to students of Moscow University and pupils of Moscow University Pan- sion for Nobility, it aimed to serve as a literary reference point and educate the readers’ aesthetic tastes. The paper deals with the canon composition which includes authors of the recent past, who had already received recognition by the end of the 18th century (M.V. Lomonosov, A.P. Sumarokov) and contemporary writers (G.R. Derzhavin, I.I. Dmitriev, N.M. Karamzin). The canon is determined by selecting the texts of exemplary authors as well as through assessment of the writers’ work given in literary texts, critical articles, and editorial notes. The journal is generally char- acterized by a sentimentalist tendency that was relevant at that time (despite the editors’ different aesthetic positions, for example, V.S. Podshivalov and P.A. Sokhatsky), which was reflected in the version of the literary canon presented in it. The periodical focuses on new sentimental patterns. The work belonged to classics and Derzhavin, a recognized contemporary, is reinterpreted within a sentimental paradigm.

Pomezanian Feoffees in the State of the Teutonic Order in the 1260–1370s

The article deals with the problem of incorporation of the Pomezanians who settled in western Prussian lands in the social system of the Order State in the 1260–1370s. To research this problem, the article discusses composition and functions of 227 feoffees entered the service of brethern and bishops. These aspects have not been thoroughly studied in historiography; they are fixed in 147 acts, such as Pomezanian Law and the Chronicles of Peter of Dusburg and Wigand of Marburg. The given aspects have been researched with prosopographical, historical- comparative, typological, and diachron-synchronous methods, that allowed us to make the following conclusions. The majority of feoffees (165 of 227 persons) kept the military service for their estates and additionally paid natural, natural-money or cash taxes (Group 1) or were free from taxes (Group 2). These groups were constantly increased in number in the 1260–1370s. It was caused by the Order need for warriors for military campaigns against the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Kingdom of Poland. In contrast to them, Group 3 was rarely replenished and paid the brethern and church additional taxes from distinct lands. These groups had social-propriety differentiation, negative consequences of the latter were neutralized by the Order and church due to the heirs’ increasing numver, permission to change land estates, exemption from military service and taxes for a certain period of time and other actions. These measures were based on the local law and combined with regulations of military service and taxes fixed in Culm Charter. This situation the flexible policy conducted by the brethern and church in Pomezania. It became the basis for successful incorporation of local inhabitants in the social system of the Order State.

Commodity Exchange in the First Months of Soviet Power with Participation of Consumer Cooperation (January – April, 1918)

The food crisis in Russia arose during the years of the First World War. The tsarist government and the Provisional Government tried to solve this problem, but to no avail. The food crisis, as it was by inheritance, passed to the Soviet regime. All authorities had to solve the food problem in the conditions of constant military and revolutionary upheavals, and this problem, from the socio-economic, passed into the political sphere. Famine predetermined revolutionary upheaval in the country. The article covers the period from January to April, 1918. At this time the Austro-German army advances in southern Russia. The military, political, and socio-economic situation of the new government was extremely difficult. The Soviet government had to support the grain monopoly introduced by the tsarist and confirmed by the Provisional Governments, although it was not officially confirmed and even introduced by the new government. To strengthen its position, the Soviet government took a number of measures to resolve the food problem. The most important, even the main one was the exchange of goods between the city and the village. It was necessary to save the urban population from hunger, to supply the army with food. It should be noted that the initial measures including in the exchange policy of the Soviet government were not of a violent nature. The country had industrial reserves for commodity exchange in the country: manu- factory, high-grade iron, etc. remaining from tsarism. Everything was sent to the village. There is an opinion that the Soviet government gave industrial products to the peasantry for nothing and that was true. But commodity exchange made it possible to alleviate the food crisis in the cities, feed the army, and politically strengthen the Soviet power. For the exchange of goods, it was necessary to attract various regulatory bodies of the country that were engaged in the procurement and distribution of bread. This article highlights the role of consumer cooperation, which was underexplored in the historical literature, in the commodity exchange. Specific examples, facts and figures are given for the bread producing provinces in southern Russia.

Zones of Communication Risk in the Modern Russian Language (Based on Euphemisms Analysis)

The present article is devoted to the study of communication risk zones in the modern Russian language, it is based on quantitate analysis and thematic differentiation of euphemisms. The euphemization is considered as a linguo-cultural phenomenon correlated to taboo, politeness, and sensitivity categories. Euphemisms are used for paraphrasing inappropriate and indecent words and phrases for their verbalization in speech. Euphemisms are considered to be a way of speech maneuvering. Avoiding communication risks and reaching the goal of communication are the main targets of applying the ways of speech maneuvering. The article specifies interconnection between speech maneuvering and zones of communication risks, the latter serve as triggers for applying speech maneuvering ways to avoid communication risks. Communication risks are con- nected with communication failures, but they are not the same. The paper represents thematic classifications as well as dictionaries reviews in national and foreign linguistics. Widespread division of all existed euphemisms into everyday ones and those belonged to social groups is taken as a principle for detailed communication risk zones classification in the modern Russian language. As a result of the conducted research, the article represents its own specified classification of potentially dangerous thematic repertoire in the Russian language and analyzes motivations behind them.