Plato's elitology (ancient aspects of the philosophy of the chosen)

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pavel Karabuschenko

The monograph is devoted to the history of the development of ancient elitist thought and reveals the essence of Plato's philosophy of selectivity, which stands at the origins of modern elitist science. He was one of the first ancient thinkers who gave a comprehensive analysis of the phenomenon of election, describing its ontological, cultural-historical and socio-political essence. The ideas formulated by him back then and the problematic issues raised have not lost their relevance to this day. The monograph reconstructs Plato's system of views on the problem of good as a chosen value, analyzes the influence of his elitist ideas on the subsequent development of this scientific knowledge about the phenomenon of elite and elitism. Designed for professionals and anyone interested in the history of philosophy and elitism.

Author(s):  
Daniil Yu. Dorofeev ◽  
Roman V. Svetlov ◽  
Mikhail I. Mikeshin ◽  
Marina A. Vasilyeva

The article is devoted to the topic of visualization, which is relevant for the modern world in general and scientific knowledge in particular, investigated through the image of Plato in Antiquity and in medieval Orthodox painting. Using the example of Plato’s iconography as a visual message, the authors want to show the great potential for the development of the visual history of philosophy, anthropology and culture in general, as well as the new visually oriented semiotics and semantics of the image. This approach reveals expressively and meaningfully its relevance for the study of Plato’s image, together with other ancient philosophers’ images, in Orthodox medieval churches in Greece, Serbia, Romania, Bulgaria and, of course, ancient Russia in the 15th-17th cc, allowing to see the great ancient Greek philosopher from a new perspective.


Problemos ◽  
2010 ◽  
pp. 44-55
Author(s):  
Marius P. Šaulauskas ◽  
Mindaugas Kubilius

Straipsnyje aptariamas profesoriaus Romano Plečkaičio, iškiliausio Lietuvos filosofijos raidos tyrėjo, mokslinis palikimas. Lietuvoje ir pirmiausia Vilniaus universitete dėstytas bei plėtotas filosofines doktrinas ir pažiūras jis tyrė visuotiniame šimtmečiais besiplėtojančios filosofijos ir iš jos kylančios mokslo žinijos kontekste. Esminė prof. Plečkaičio metodologinė nuostata, teigianti Apšvietos mokslo idealų primatą, išliko nepakitusi per visą jo akademinės veiklos laikotarpį. Mokslo ir jo progresyvios raidos principų bei mokslingumo standartų esminė nepriklausomybė nuo ideologinių, religinių bei kitokių paramokslinių istorinių aplinkybių – šis motyvas buvo visų svarbiausių Plečkaičio veikalų – nuo visuotinės filosofijos istorijos tyrinėjimų iki tolerancijos teorijos – šerdis. Todėl ir Lietuvos filosofijos mokslo raidą nuo pat jos atsiradimo XVI a. pradžioje iki XXI a. pradžios jis nuosekliai suvokė kaip sudedamąją pasaulinės mokslo žinijos sklaidos dalį.Pagrindiniai žodžiai: Plečkaitis, Lietuvos filosofijos istorija, Vilniaus universitetas.Non sibi, sed omnibus: The Sciential Legacy of Professor R. PlečkaitisMarius P. Šaulauskas, Mindaugas Kubilius SummaryProfessor Romanas Plečkaitis (1933–2009) is the most prominent figure in the scholarship of the history of philosophy in Lithuania. In the universal context of centuries long history of philosophy and whereof unfolding scientific knowledge he scrutinized the large variety of philosophical doctrines and views, which were taught and developed in Lithuania and, first and foremost, at Vilnius university. The fundamental methodological posture of prof. R. Plečkaitis, which persisted unshakably throughout his whole academic carrier, affirmed the unsurpassable supremacy of Enlightenment scientific ideals. At the heart of all his most important works embracing studies in history of western philosophy as well as theory of tolerance lies his conviction that the progressive advance of scientific edifice and its research standards must not depend on any ideological, religious or other parascientific circumstances. Therefore he consistently treated the development of the academic philosophy in Lithuania since its very the beginning in the XVI century up to the dawn of XXI century as a part and parcel of the growing universal knowledge of science.Keywords: Plečkaitis, Lithuanian history of philosophy, Vilnius University.


2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 35-57
Author(s):  
Michael H. Mitias ◽  

This paper is a critical analysis of the conditions under which a decent world order is possible, an order in which the different peoples of the world can thrive under the conditions of peace, cooperation, freedom, justice, and prosperity. This analysis is done from the standpoint of Janusz Kuczyński’s philosophy of universalism as a metaphilosophy. More than any other in the contemporary period, this philosophy has advanced a focused, systematic, and comprehensive analysis of these conditions on the basis of a universal vision of nature, human nature, and the meaning of human life and destiny. The paper is composed of three parts. The first part is devoted to a short overview of activism in the history of philosophy. The second part is devoted to an analysis of the main elements of universalism as a metaphilosophy, especially the theoretical conditions of establishing a decent world order. The third part is devoted to a discussion of the practical steps that should be taken to establish a decent world order.


Author(s):  
Ludmila A. Mikeshina

Two processes develop in human culture and society that implicate each other. The first is, according to Hegel, the development of universal experience and knowledge in any individual since individuals are never born complete as what they are supposed to be. The second is the subjectivization of the universal experience and knowledge into unique and singular forms of the self and self-consciousness. An analysis of these two processes in the history of philosophy has revealed the interconnections between the cognizing subject, truth and education and paideia. A hermeneutical principle of "self-care" that develops the skill of ruling and caring for others represents one of the traditions that includes these features in unity and determines a type of paideia. This principle is developed by Socratic, Platonic, Epicurean and Stoic morality, and was actualized by Descartes in his movement to the cogito. "Self-care" was considered in the 17th century as a condition of acquiring scientific knowledge; later, however, it was labeled as egotism and individualism and replaced by self-cognition. Foucault gives proof of the necessity to revive the "self-care" principle in its initial sense as a foundation of the modern hermeneutical conception of upbringing. Hence, the role of philosophy as "an adviser" or "tutor" is to be revived in the process.


Author(s):  
Klaus Vieweg ◽  
◽  
Anton A. Ivanenko ◽  
Andrei N. Muravev ◽  
◽  
...  

Two and a half centuries since the birth of Hegel give reason to try to understand why he, like other great philosophers irrelevant of how many centuries ago they were born, should not be forgotten. The first part of the article deals with the content of the central and most difficult part of Hegel’s Science of logic — the doctrine of essence. This particular work illustrates that its creator successfully passed between the Scylla of realism, which insists on the immediacy of knowledge, and the Charybdis of constructivism, which advocates its mediation. Hegel curbs the claims of mediation and immediacy to exclusivity revealing their concrete identity. The second part of the article explores the perspective of the theoretical and scientific knowledge of the spirit, discovered by Hegel, which makes it possible to avoid the extremes of historicism and essentialism that prevailed after Hegel in the sciences of the spirit. Historicism dissolves the unified essence of various spiritual phenomena in the flow of history, which it considers a purposeless element of change. Essentialism asserts the existence of this essence, but leaves it undefined. Hegel logically determines what is historical in the existence of the spirit, an what transcends history as its absolute goal. The last part of the article indicates the reason for the obvious underestimation of Hegel’s achievements by figures of modern philosophical culture. The place of the Hegelian system in the historical development of philosophy and its actual significance for modernity as a model of philosophical knowledge of truth, nature and spirit, without which the history of philosophy is not complete and cannot be understood as a whole, is determined.


2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 154-164
Author(s):  
M. O. Matushkina

Interest in chance, as a special ontological category, arises with the development of philosophy and science. The history of philosophy has several interpretations of this category: from the complete denial of its existence, to the proclamation of a special type of relationship. In our opinion, chance, despite the diversity of interpretations, has always been an important factor for the implementation of a method designed to determine how tightly philosophy and science can interact. The category of chance is a very accurate indicator of the change of worldview and the creation of new landmarks of knowledge. Turning to the formation of chance as a metaphysical category will help us to identify the main aspects of its influence on scientific knowledge.


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