scholarly journals Educational Pairings and Fertility Across Europe: How Do the Low-Educated Fare?

2021 ◽  
Vol 46 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natalie Nitsche ◽  
Anna Matysiak ◽  
Jan Van Bavel ◽  
Daniele Vignoli
Keyword(s):  
Educational Attainment ◽  
Family Formation ◽  
Economic Resources ◽  
Transition Rates ◽  
Resource Pooling ◽  
Highly Educated ◽  
Research Gap ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Low Educated ◽  
The Eu

Recent research suggests that the fertility-education relationship may be mediated by the educational attainment of the partner, especially among the tertiary-educated. However, there are no studies focusing on the couple-education-fertility nexus among couples who achieved only basic educational attainment, even though resource pooling theory predicts differences in family formation by couples’ joint levels of socio-economic resources. We address this research gap and investigate how educational pairings among married and cohabiting partners relate to second and third birth transitions across 22 European countries, using data from the EU-SILC (European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions) panel and discrete time event history models. Our findings show significantly lower second and third birth transition rates among homogamous low-educated couples compared to heterogamous couples with one low- and one medium or highly-educated partner in the Nordic countries, but not across the rest of Europe. However, couples with one or two low-educated partners have significantly lower second birth rates compared with couples with two highly-educated partners in all European regions.

scholarly journals From privilege to prevalence: contextual effects of women's schooling on African marital timing

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Margaret Frye ◽  
Sara Lopus
Keyword(s):  
Educational Attainment ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Access To Education ◽  
Birth Cohorts ◽  
Highly Educated ◽  
The Social ◽  
Educational Groups ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Impact

In Africa and elsewhere, educated women tend to marry later than their less educated peers. Beyond being an attribute of individual women, education is also an aggregate phenomenon: the social meaning of a woman’s educational attainment depends on the educational attainments of her agemates. Using data from 30 countries and 246 birth cohorts across sub-Saharan Africa, we investigate the impact of educational context (the percent of women in a country cohort who ever attended school) on the relationship between a woman’s own educational attainment and her marital timing. In contexts where access to education is prevalent, the marital timing of uneducated and highly-educated women is more similar than it is in contexts where attending school is limited to a privileged minority. This across-country convergence is driven by no-education women marrying later in high-education contexts, especially through lower rates of very early marriages. However, within countries over time, the marital ages of women from different educational groups tend to diverge as educational access expands. This within-country divergence is most often driven by later marriage among highly-educated women, although some countries’ divergence is driven by earlier marriage among women who never attended school.

scholarly journals Decentralisation and European identity

2018 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
pp. 133-155 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vassilis Tselios ◽  
John Tomaney
Keyword(s):  
Strong Evidence ◽  
Sense Of Belonging ◽  
European Identity ◽  
National Belonging ◽  
Highly Educated ◽  
Aged People ◽  
Fiscal Decentralisation ◽  
Logistic Regressions ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Eu

The European Commission aims to understand the extent of which European citizens feel that they belong to the EU, assume their European identity and think of themselves not only as national citizens but also as citizens of Europe. Using data from the European Commission’s Eurobarometer Surveys to proxy European identity and multinomial logistic regressions, this paper examines whether the transfer of resources to subnational tiers of government (i.e. fiscal decentralisation) and/or the transfer of powers to subnational tiers of government (i.e. political decentralisation) influence a European sense of belonging in comparison with national belonging. The results show that fiscal decentralisation is a powerful promoter of European identity, while there is no strong evidence that political decentralisation has reinforced it. Moreover, men, middle-aged people, highly educated people, single and people who are very satisfied with their life feel more European than others.

scholarly journals Poverty in the EU using augmented measures of financial resources: The role of assets and debt

2021 ◽  
Vol 31 (5) ◽  
pp. 496-516
Author(s):  
Sarah Kuypers ◽  
Ive Marx
Keyword(s):  
The Elderly ◽  
Young Female ◽  
Living Standard ◽  
Cross Country ◽  
The Rich ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Socio Demographic Factors ◽  
Low Educated ◽  
The Eu

Despite clear limitations, poverty research in the rich world overwhelmingly relies on income-based measures. Households may have significant savings and assets that they can draw on to boost their living standards, but may also have debts that depress the living standard they can actually achieve with their disposable income. Using data from the Eurosystem Household Finance and Consumption Survey (HFCS), this article offers a picture of poverty in 17 EU countries that takes into account assets and debt, using various approaches. While earlier studies have found that poverty rates tend to be lower when wealth is accounted for, this study highlights the situation of those who become or remain poor even when savings and assets are included. It focuses both on within-country patterns of joint income–wealth poverty and on cross-country differences. It is shown that the elderly are generally less prone to being poor once assets are accounted for. However, for renter households with a young, female, low educated, unemployed or inactive and single head, the risk of being poor when assets and debt are accounted for remains high and in some cases even increases. That is generally the case because they have few assets, rather than because of high debts. The substantial variation in poverty rates observed across countries can to some extent be accounted for by socio-demographic factors, but a lot of variation still remains unaccounted for.

Marriage Market Mismatches in Japan: An Alternative View of the Relationship between Women's Education and Marriage

2005 ◽  
Vol 70 (5) ◽  
pp. 801-822 ◽  
Author(s):  
James M. Raymo ◽  
Miho Iwasawa
Keyword(s):  
Marriage Market ◽  
Economic Resources ◽  
Alternative View ◽  
Fertility Survey ◽  
Economic Independence ◽  
Highly Educated ◽  
Marriage Rates ◽  
Educational Differences ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Relationship

In Japan, unlike in most other industrialized societies, the decline in marriage rates has been most pronounced among highly educated women. Theoretical interpretations of this distinctive pattern of change have typically emphasized increasing economic independence for women and reductions in the gains to marriage. In this paper, the authors develop and evaluate an alternative explanation that emphasizes women's continued dependence on men's economic resources and decline in the relative supply of highly educated men. Using data from four rounds of the Japanese National Fertility Survey, the authors decompose the observed decline in marriage rates into changes in the propensity to marry and changes in the educational composition of the marriage market. Results indicate that change in the availability of potential spouses accounts for one-fourth of the decline in marriage among university-educated women and explains a substantial proportion of the growing educational differences in marriage. The conclusion is that the relatively large decline in marriage among highly educated Japanese women likely reflects both increasing economic independence and continued economic dependence on men.

scholarly journals Poverty in the EU Using Augmented Measures of Financial Resources: The Role of Assets and Debt

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah Kuypers ◽  
Ive Marx
Keyword(s):  
The Elderly ◽  
Young Female ◽  
Living Standard ◽  
Working Paper ◽  
The Rich ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Socio Demographic Factors ◽  
Low Educated ◽  
The Eu

Despite clear limitations, poverty research in the rich world overwhelmingly relies on income-based measures. Households may have significant savings and assets that they can draw on to boost their living standards, but may also have debts that depress the living standard they can actually achieve with their disposable income. Using data from the Eurosystem Household Finance and Consumption Survey (HFCS) this paper offers a picture of poverty in 17 EU countries that takes into account assets and debt, using various approaches. While earlier studies have found that poverty rates tend to be lower when wealth is accounted for, this study highlights the situation of those who become or remain poor even when savings and assets are included. It focusses both on within country patterns of joint income-wealth poverty as on cross-country differences. It is shown that the elderly are generally less prone to being poor once assets are accounted for. However, for renter households with a young, female, low educated, unemployed or inactive and single head, the risk of being poor when assets and debt are accounted for remains high and in some cases even increases. That is generally the case because they have few assets, rather than because of high debts. The substantial variation in poverty rates observed across countries can to some extent be accounted for by socio-demographic factors but a lot of variation still remains unaccounted for. (Stone Center on Socio-Economic Inequality Working Paper)

scholarly journals Trade in Conflict Minerals -- Congolese Warlords, MNC’s, and Dodd-Frank 1502

Perceptions ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ankit Deshmukh
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chain ◽  
Multinational Corporations ◽  
Primary Source ◽  
Market Prices ◽  
News Sources ◽  
Conflict Minerals ◽  
The Us ◽  
Face Threats ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Eu

This paper seeks to provide an overview of conflict mineral trade by analyzing it through an economic lens. Using data gathered from news sources, the memo first defines the term “conflict minerals” and identifies that the primary actors involved in the conflict mineral market are rebel militia groups and multinational corporations. The trade is mutually beneficial for these actors as it serves as the primary source of revenue for militia groups and allows multinational corporations to buy minerals at low costs. The memo also highlights the struggles legitimate Congolese miners face, as they face threats from militia groups and low market prices Also identified is Section 1502 of the Dodd Frank act, legislation which forces multinational corporations to list their mineral suppliers, thereby increasing supply chain transparency. While implemented with good intentions, it is extremely unsuccessful in stifling the conflict mineral trade as it lacks substantive regulatory measures. Furthermore, the EU and US plan to implement opposing conflict mineral trade policies — the EU looks to increase supply chain transparency while the US looks to repeal Section 1502 of Dodd Frank (an action which would decrease supply chain transparency). This paper believes that coordinated and homogenous action on the part of both federal governments and IGOs is necessary in order to concretely enforce restrictions on conflict mineral trade.

scholarly journals Seabed litter distribution in the high seas of the Flemish Pass area (NW Atlantic)

2020 ◽  
Vol 84 (1) ◽  
pp. 93
Author(s):  
Ana García-Alegre ◽  
Esther Román-Marcote ◽  
Jesús Gago ◽  
Gonzalo González-Nuevo ◽  
Mar Sacau ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Ocean ◽  
Bottom Trawl ◽  
Northwest Atlantic ◽  
Marine Litter ◽  
Fishing Gears ◽  
National Jurisdiction ◽  
Baseline Information ◽  
Northeastern Flank ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Eu

Seabed litter of the Flemish Pass area (NW Atlantic Ocean) was analysed and described using data from the EU-Spain groundfish survey (2006-2017 period). This study presents baseline information on seabed litter in this area. The Flemish Pass is located in areas beyond national jurisdiction within the Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Organization Regulatory Area Division 3L. A total of 1169 valid bottom trawl hauls were analysed (104-1478 m depth). Litter was found in 8.3% of the hauls, with mean densities of 1.4±0.2 items km–2 and 10.6±5.2 kg km–2. An increasing pattern with depth was found, the highest densities of seabed litter being identified in the deepest areas located in the Flemish Pass channel and down the northeastern flank of the Grand Bank. Fishing was found to be the main source of marine litter, and 61.9% of the hauls with litter presence showed litter included in the fisheries-related litter category. Whereas in most cases the litter was composed of small fragments of rope, in other cases it was composed of entire fishing gears such as traps. Plastics, metal and other anthropogenic litter were the next most abundant categories, accounting for 18.6%, 16.5% and 12.4% of the total, respectively.

scholarly journals Blacks’ Diminished Health Returns of Educational Attainment: Health and Retirement Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. e000212
Author(s):  
Shervin Assari
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Educational Attainment ◽  
Black Americans ◽  
Education Level ◽  
Education Quality ◽  
White Americans ◽  
Highly Educated ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Retirement Study ◽  
Hispanic White

Background: Education level reduces the risk of health problems such as poor self-rated health (SRH), high body mass index (BMI), and depressive symptoms (DS). Marginalization – related Diminished Returns (MDRs), however, refer to smaller health benefits of socioeconomic status (SES) indicators particularly educational attainment for the members of racial minority groups such as non-Hispanic Blacks compared to the majority group (non-Hispanic Whites). It is not known, however, if MDRs also hold for middle-age and older adults over a long period of time.  Aims: The current study used a nationally representative data set to explore racial variation in the predictive utility of baseline education level on protecting people against poor SRH, BMI, and DS.  Methods: Data for this analysis were borrowed from the Health and Retirement Study (HRS 1992-ongoing), a nationally representative longitudinal study that followed 10,023 middle-aged and older adults (50+ years old) for up to 26 years. From this number, 1877 (18.7%) were non-Hispanic Black Americans, and 8,146 (81.3%) were non-Hispanic White Americans. Education level was the independent variable. We used cluster analysis to categorize individuals to low and high-risk groups (outcome) based on SRH, BMI, and DS over 26 years. Age and gender were the covariates. Race was the moderator.  Results: Overall, high education level reduced the odds of poor SRH, BMI, and DS over the 26 years of follow up. Interactions were observed between race and education on all three health outcomes indicating smaller protective effects of baseline educational attainment on poor health over time, regardless of the outcome.  Conclusions: In line with the MDRs, highly educated non-Hispanic Black Americans remain at high risk for poor health across domains, a risk which is unexpected given their education. The risk of all health outcomes, however, is lowest for non-Hispanic White Americans with highest education. Policies that exclusively focus on equalizing racial gaps in SES (e.g., education) may fail to eliminate the racial and ethnic health inequalities because of the racial inequalities in the marginal health return of education. Public policies must equalize education quality and address structural and environmental barriers that are disproportionately more common in the lives of non-Hispanic Black Americans, even at high education levels. Future research should test how contextual factors, segregation, labor market practices, childhood poverty, and education quality reduces the health return of education for highly educated non-Hispanic Black Americans.

scholarly journals Citizenship and Educational Attainment amongst the Second Generation: An Analysis of Children of Immigrants in Finland

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elina Kilpi-Jakonen
Keyword(s):  
Educational Attainment ◽  
Educational Outcomes ◽  
Second Generation ◽  
Children Of Immigrants ◽  
Immigrant Integration ◽  
Economic Resources ◽  
Upper Secondary Education ◽  
Upper Secondary ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Intervening Variables

Citizenship acquisition is often viewed as an indicator of immigrant integration as well as an event that spurs integration further. Relatively little is know about the relationship between citizenship and integration for children of immigrants. This article examines the relationship between citizenship and educational attainment at approximately age 16 in Finland using register data. Results suggest that children of immigrants who are Finnish citizens have better educational outcomes than non-citizens, measured with three indicators of educational attainment. However, the Finnish citizens come from families with higher levels of educational and economic resources than non-citizens and this explains much of the relationship between citizenship and education. After controlling for intervening variables, second generation students with Finnish citizenship are found to be more likely to choose general rather than vocational upper secondary education compared to their peers who have another citizenship. It is argued that this reflects a difference in educational attitudes between the two groups.

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