scholarly journals On the origins and chronology of the Wolin emporium

2020 ◽  
Vol 28 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marian Rębkowski
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Craft Production ◽  
Early Middle Ages ◽  
Economic Zone ◽  
Archival Documentation ◽  
1960S And 1970S ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
The Baltic ◽  
Viking Period

The paper concerns the problem of the origin of Wolin as an emporium in the early Middle Ages. The excavations conducted in the 1960s and 1970s in the Old Town of Wolin recorded extremely rich cultural deposits of considerable thickness, in some cases exceeding eight meters. Results of recent studies on the finds and on the archival documentation from these excavations indicate that it can be dated to the period between circa 800–1400. During this time four main stages of land-use in the place are clearly visible. The second of them, dated since circa 850 up to circa 1100, involved a large settlement of the area of a few hectars with a tightly packed, regularly laid-out wooden buildings and wood-paved communication roads leading to the port. The size of the settlement, its regular layout and a building style are alien to the Baltic Slavic region of that period. Considering also remains of intense craft production recorded on the site, it may be concluded that in that period there was a craft and trade settlement with all the features of a Baltic emporium. This was established in the place of an older, small, seasonal settlement. The transformation and the growth of the settlement must have been related to the development of the so-called Baltic economic zone of the Viking period and can be also attributed to a change in communication routes in the mouth of the Oder and the collapse of the craft and trade settlement in Menzlin on the Peene. 

Small wetlands lost: a biological conservation hazard in Mediterranean landscapes

1999 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 190-199 ◽  
Author(s):  
JUAN B. GALLEGO-FERNÁNDEZ ◽  
M. ROSARIO GARCÍA-MORA ◽  
FRANCISCO GARCÍA-NOVO
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Coarse Grained ◽  
Herbaceous Crops ◽  
Mediterranean Landscapes ◽  
Demographic Processes ◽  
Olive Groves ◽  
Type Of Land Use ◽  
1960S And 1970S ◽  
The 1960S

In Spain, it is estimated that 60% of wetlands have disappeared in the last 50 years. The present study aimed to describe the relationships between loss of wetlands and land-use change in Azuaga County, Central-western Iberian Peninsula where during the period 1896-1996, 94% of the original wetlands disappeared. Forest, scrub, holm oak dehesas and olive groves have become fragmented or disappeared completely, having been substituted by eucalyptus plantations in areas of low productivity and by dry cultivation of herbaceous crops, mainly cereals, in more productive areas. These substitutions have resulted in a homogeneous, coarse-grained landscape with low diversity and high dominance. The type of land-use has depended on the evolution of demographic processes, with high human immigration rates toward the end of the nineteenth century and beginning of the twentieth century, and high emigration rates during the 1960s and 1970s. The mechanization of agriculture and transition from closed to market economy in the second half of the twentieth century also played an essential role in the landscape changes described.

scholarly journals The stronghold on Kirkut Hill in Lublin. The state of recognition of the remains of the former stronghold and its role in the medieval Lublin agglomeration

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
pp. 165-185
Author(s):  
Rafał Niedźwiadek ◽  
◽  
Andrzej Rozwałka ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Early Modern Period ◽  
Limited Range ◽  
The State ◽  
13Th Century ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Late Middle Ages ◽  
1960S And 1970S ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
The Hill

The aim of the article is to present the state of the research conducted on the remains of a medieval stronghold on Grodzisko Hill, also known as Kirkut Hill (due to the Jewish cemetery from the late Middle Ages and early modern period located on its top), as well as to show the latest approach to dating the remains of the stronghold and its role in the medieval Lublin agglomeration. Archaeological research carried out on the hill and at its foot in the 1960s and 1970s was of limited range due to the existence of the Jewish cemetery. However, it can be considered that they provided an amount of data that enables the reconstruction of stratigraphy of the stronghold and recognition of the structure of its rampart running along the edge of the hill. After many discussions, both among historians and Lublin archaeologists, a certain consensus regarding the chronology and the function of the former stronghold on Grodzisko Hill has now been reached. It seems that it was in the 13th century that the stronghold was built and, then, before the century ended, it was destroyed. It coexisted with an older structure – probably built in the 12th century – namely the castellan stronghold on Zamkowe Hill. Recent research indicates that during the second half of 13th century, or at the turn of the 13th and 14th centuries, a new line of ramparts was built on Staromiejskie Hill. This is how three parts of the Lublin agglomeration were distinguished. Perhaps, in this structure, the stronghold on Kirkut Hill could have functioned as a guard post for a part of the long-distance route located in the area of today’s Kalinowszczyzna Street. The 13th century, and especially its second half, was the time of numerous Yotvingian, Lithuanian, Mongolian, Ruthenian and Tatar invasions.

scholarly journals O znaczeniu Świny we wczesnym średniowieczu

2019 ◽  
pp. 153-166
Author(s):  
Marian Rębkowski
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
Early Middle Ages ◽  
The Baltic

The article contains an analysis of archaeological and historical sources related to the Świna, one of three straits constituting the mouth of the Oder to the Baltic. By referring to the sources, an attempt was made to evaluate the ways of taking advantage of the strait and its significance in the early Middle Ages.

Atypical Burials in Early Medieval Poland

2020 ◽  
pp. 246-275
Author(s):  
Leszek Gardeła
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Prone Position ◽  
Comparative Perspective ◽  
Early Medieval ◽  
Early Middle Ages ◽  
Scientific Institutions ◽  
The Dead ◽  
Archival Documentation ◽  
Critical Overview

Excavations at early medieval cemeteries in Poland often reveal traces of mortuary behavior which deviate considerably from the normative treatment of the dead. Most of these atypical practices involved interring the corpses in prone position, laying or throwing stones on them, or cutting their heads off, but other variants have also been recorded, e.g., covering the bodies with clay or piercing them with stakes and other sharp objects. Graves of this kind have always been difficult to interpret. In the early twentieth century, Polish scholars only mentioned them briefly in their publications, without offering any detailed commentary about their possible meanings, while in the 1970s, the problematic term “anti-vampire burials” was coined, implying that these were burials of vampires. This article provides a critical overview of past and present studies on atypical burials in Poland by drawing on the results of a research project entitled Bad Death in the Early Middle Ages: Atypical Burials from Poland in a Comparative Perspective. The discussion incorporates new and previously unpublished evidence and a reassessment of archival documentation kept in a range of Polish museums and scientific institutions, which challenges the previously accepted “vampire” interpretation and sophisticates our understanding of unusual funerary phenomena.

scholarly journals Eutrophication and Phosphorous accumulation in sediments of Karlskärsviken, bay in Lake Mälaren

2007 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 1823-1843
Author(s):  
G. Olli
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Sediment Cores ◽  
P Accumulation ◽  
P Content ◽  
Increasing Trend ◽  
1960S And 1970S ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
The Middle Ages

Abstract. Biogenic silica (BSi) and phosphorous (P) accumulation were investigated in sediment cores from Karlskärsviken, a bay of Lake Mälaren. The aim was to understand and quantify environmental changes since the Middle Ages, with focus on industrial times, and to evaluate anthropogenic influences on the bay's water quality. The BSi accumulation in the sediments is a better indicator of former nutrient trophy than P accumulation and for this reason a BSi inferred P content, BSi-P, is calculated. There is an increasing trend of BSi-P content in the bay since the Middle Ages, with a small decrease in the inner bay section during the last decades. In Karlskärsviken, the shallow inner section of the bay, where the water quality is dominated by loading from the bay catchment area, is less nutritious than the water in the outer section, which is influenced by the main streams in the Lake Mälaren. The P content in the water column is presently higher than in the mid nineteenth century, and the P loading to Karlskärsviken is not found to have changed since the 1960s and 1970s.

scholarly journals Reconstructing the population dynamics of sprat (Sprattus sprattus balticus) in the Baltic Sea in the 20th century

2012 ◽  
Vol 69 (6) ◽  
pp. 1010-1018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Margit Eero
Keyword(s):  
Population Dynamics ◽  
Baltic Sea ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Human Impacts ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
The Baltic Sea ◽  
Sprattus Sprattus ◽  
1960S And 1970S ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
The Baltic

Abstract Eero, M. 2012. Reconstructing the population dynamics of sprat (Sprattus sprattus balticus) in the Baltic Sea in the 20th century. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 69: 1010–1018 . Long time-series of population dynamics are increasingly needed in order to understand human impacts on marine ecosystems and support their sustainable management. In this study, the estimates of sprat (Sprattus sprattus balticus) biomass in the Baltic Sea were extended back from the beginning of ICES stock assessments in 1974 to the early 1900s. The analyses identified peaks in sprat spawner biomass in the beginning of the 1930s, 1960s, and 1970s at ∼900 kt. Only a half of that biomass was estimated for the late 1930s, for the period from the late 1940s to the mid-1950s, and for the mid-1960s. For the 1900s, fisheries landings suggest a relatively high biomass, similar to the early 1930s. The exploitation rate of sprat was low until the development of pelagic fisheries in the 1960s. Spatially resolved analyses from the 1960s onwards demonstrate changes in the distribution of sprat biomass over time. The average body weight of sprat by age in the 1950s to 1970s was higher than at present, but lower than during the 1980s to 1990s. The results of this study facilitate new analyses of the effects of climate, predation, and anthropogenic drivers on sprat, and contribute to setting long-term management strategies for the Baltic Sea.

Queens

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elena Woodacre ◽  
Miriam Shadis
Keyword(s):  
Social History ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Global Section ◽  
Early Medieval ◽  
Tudor England ◽  
Medieval Italy ◽  
Crown Of Aragon ◽  
1960S And 1970S ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
The 19Th Century

As the wives, mothers, and daughters of kings, medieval queens acquired their status in one of two ways, either through marriage or, less commonly, through inheritance. The experience of being a queen, in particular as partner to the king, the development of the office of the queen, and the role of queen regent evolved over time with medieval monarchy, and queenship varied across regions as different legal codes and customs informed female inheritance. Women who became queens through marriage often shared the experience of straddling two cultures and two families (natal and marital), and, thus, they were alien outsiders who simultaneously had the greatest access to the center of power, the king. Often women who became queens were not native to the territory with which they became associated and, thus, the names by which they are known, for example, Blanche of Castile, may be misleading: Blanche, who was from Castile, was queen of France through marriage. Queens thus served as intercessors, patrons, and cultural innovators as well as operated as great lords, as rulers, and often, but not always, as mothers. The historiography of medieval queenship is equally varied, beginning with positivist-inspired biographies of the 19th century and subsequently influenced by developments in social history during the 1960s and 1970s and by interdisciplinary and feminist approaches in recent decades. Currently, scholarship simultaneously seeks to recover the histories of individual queens, to understand the specifics of the queen’s office within the institution of the monarchy, and to understand how gender operated at the highest levels of political, cultural, and economic power in the Middle Ages. The first principle of organization for this article is chronological, with sections on Early Medieval Queens (Anglo-Saxon, Celtic, Germanic) and Merovingian Queens and Carolingian Queens. Because queens were always queens of a realm, however, and because the extent (and number) of European monarchies on both the continent and in Britain changed radically in the post-Carolingian era, the remainder of the article is organized both geographically and chronologically, with sections on England (General, Anglo-Norman Queens, Plantagenet Queens, and Lancastrian, York, and Early Tudor England); Scotland, France (sections on Capetian France and Valois France), Germany and Early Medieval Italy, Scandinavia, and the kingdoms of the Iberian Peninsula (sections on Iberia generally as well as Crown of Aragon, León-Castile, and Portugal). In some instances, queens who have merited extensive scholarship are treated in separate sections. The article concludes with sections on the liminal but comparatively important queens/empresses of Byzantium, and the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem. While the general focus of this bibliography is on European queens and queenship, it is important to recognize the experience and lives of royal women and queens, or their equivalents, beyond Europe, which are featured in the Global section.

Recent acidification and biological changes in Lilla Öresjön, southwest Sweden, and the relation to atmospheric pollution and land-use history

1990 ◽  
Vol 327 (1240) ◽  
pp. 391-396 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Atmospheric Pollutants ◽  
Spheroidal Carbonaceous Particles ◽  
Carbonaceous Particles ◽  
Airborne Pollutants ◽  
History Of ◽  
1960S And 1970S ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
The 19Th Century

Palaeolimnological techniques were used to study the recent acidification history of Lilia Oresjon in southwest Sweden, and its relation to the deposition of airborne pollutants and land-use. The sediment analyses suggest that water quality began to deteriorate at the beginning of the 20th century and resulted in an acute acidification phase in the 1960s. An indifferent (circumneutral) diatom flora with some planktonic taxa was replaced by a non-planktonic acidophilous and acidobiontic flora; diatom inferred pH decreased from 6.1 in the 19th century to the present value of about 4.6. The history of acidification and of major biological change in the lake is reinforced by the analyses of chrysophyte scales and cladocera and chironomid remains, which show that alterations of species composition and an impoverishment of faunal communities took place. There is close stratigraphic agreement between these biological changes and indicators of the deposition of atmospheric pollutants. The concentration of Pb, Zn, Cu and S increased from the beginning of the 19th century to peak values during the 1960s and 1970s. Spheroidal carbonaceous particles, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and ‘hard’ isothermal remanence, indicative of oil and coal combustion, peaked during the 1970s and 1980s, respectively. The increased deposition of airborne pollutants from fossil fuel combustion and industrial processes is suggested as the main cause of the acidification of the lake, although vegetation changes, such as a recent expansion of spruce-pine forest, have also occurred during the 200—300 year period studied.

Forging ‘Medieval’ Identities: Fortini’s Calendimaggio and Pasolini’s Trilogy of Life

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tommaso di Carpegna Falconieri ◽  
Lila Yawn
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Politics ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Common People ◽  
Social Fabric ◽  
Point Of Entry ◽  
Nodal Points ◽  
1960S And 1970S ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
The Middle Ages

This chapter examines two nodal points in the reception of the Middle Ages in Italy and of Italian medievalism in politics since the 1920s: the festival of Calendimaggio in Assisi – its founding under Fascism and present-day functions in keeping a social fabric and identity alive in a city in demographic freefall; and the sui generis communism of Paolo Pasolini’s Trilogy of Life, a colourful cinematic point of entry into the cultural politics of Italian Marxism and the militant Left in the 1960s and 1970s. Although distinct from one another and different in origin, the two cases intersect in their presentation of the Middle Ages as an ideal era of the popolo (common people; citizenry) and as a period whose revival offers a rallying point and potential salvation to populaces displaced from traditional contexts and thereby deprived of their cultures and identities.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document