scholarly journals The Effect of Patent Protection on Inventor Mobility

2020 ◽  
Vol 66 (12) ◽  
pp. 5485-5504 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eduardo Melero ◽  
Neus Palomeras ◽  
David Wehrheim
Keyword(s):  
Human Capital ◽  
Patent Protection ◽  
Basic Research ◽  
Early Career ◽  
Patent Holder ◽  
The Core ◽  
Patent Applications ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Specific Human Capital ◽  
The U.S

This article investigates the effect of patent protection on the mobility of early-career employee-inventors. Using data on patent applications filed at the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office between 2001 and 2012 and examiner leniency as a source of exogenous variation in patent protection, we find that one additional patent granted decreases the likelihood of changing employers, on average, by 23%. This decrease is stronger when the employee has fewer coinventors, works outside the core of the firm, and produces more basic-research innovations. These findings are consistent with the idea that patents turn innovation-related skills into patent-holder-specific human capital. This paper was accepted by Ashish Arora, entrepreneurship and innovation.

Agency Work in Russia: To Be or Not To Be? (Experience of Russian Enterprises)

2013 ◽  
pp. 123-140
Author(s):  
L. Smirnykh
Keyword(s):  
Human Capital ◽  
Small Firms ◽  
Probit Model ◽  
Technical State ◽  
Financial Position ◽  
Temporary Agency Work ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Specific Human Capital

The paper reviews the development of temporary agency work in Russia using data from Russian companies in 2008—2011. The results indicate that the number of Russian firms with agency workers has increased while the share of agency workers declined in the period analyzed. Using a probit model the author investigates why firms use temporary agency work. The results of our study demonstrate that the use of agency work is characteristic mainly for small firms. Important factors for firms are also their technical state and financial position, investment in the own development, relation to particular sectors and investment in specific human capital.

Biopatents in Brazil

elni Review ◽  
2011 ◽  
pp. 58-65
Author(s):  
Edson Paula de Souza
Keyword(s):  
Intellectual Property ◽  
Energy Production ◽  
Patent Protection ◽  
Biological Diversity ◽  
Cutting Edge ◽  
Patent Office ◽  
The Core ◽  
Property System ◽  
Patent Applications ◽  
Biotechnological Inventions

Biotechnology is at the core of bioeconomy and plays a key role in modern societies. Currently, Brazil is engaged in many cutting-edge projects in the biotech sector, from energy production to promotion of health and provision of foodstuffs. Also, Brazil’s rich and complex biodiversity, which accounts for 15-20% of the entire world’s biological diversity, may provide a great source of new molecules to the industry. Moreover, awareness and use of the intellectual property system have expanded in the country and the number of patent applications filed by residents has substantially increased over the years. In fact, statistics show that filings with the Brazilian Patent Office rose from 5,666 applications in 1997 to a peak of 7,502 applications in 2004, decreasing a little in 2007 to 6,975 applications. However, due to a very particular regulatory framework, researchers and companies still find some difficulties to do research and protect their inventions in the country. This article focuses on patent protection for biotechnological inventions in Brazil and discusses the main issues arising from the existing legislation and practice.

scholarly journals Tacit knowledge, localization push, and diffusion of science: Evidence from Singapore

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Albert G Z Hu ◽  
Vu Thinh Ly
Keyword(s):  
Tacit Knowledge ◽  
Patent Protection ◽  
Knowledge Spillovers ◽  
Basic Research ◽  
Knowledge Diffusion ◽  
Public Institutions ◽  
Journal Articles ◽  
Using Data ◽  
And Diffusion ◽  
Science Evidence

Abstract We propose localization push, as an alternative to tacit knowledge, to explain the localization of knowledge diffusion. Sponsors of scientific research enact policies and create institutions for locally-produced knowledge spillovers. We hypothesize that localization necessitated by tacit knowledge renders the local diffusion of such knowledge more productive than distant commercialization. However, this is not the case when the localization push is the primary reason for the localization. We empirically investigate the hypothesis using data on knowledge diffusion in SingaporeOur main findings are as follows: (1) The diffusion of basic research, measured by journal articles cited in patents, is localized, but this is almost exclusively accounted for by Singaporean public institutions; (2) Local patents citing papers authored by Singaporeans are less significant than foreign patents citing such papers; and (3) Singaporean public patent applicants are more willing to seek multijurisdiction patent protection despite the ineffectiveness of their commercialization efforts.

The Effect of Mandatory Retirement on Earnings Profiles in Japan

ILR Review ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 258-266 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert L. Clark ◽  
Naohiro Ogawa
Keyword(s):  
Human Capital ◽  
Wage Structure ◽  
Mandatory Retirement ◽  
Job Tenure ◽  
Employment Contracts ◽  
Rate Of Growth ◽  
Japanese Workers ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Specific Human Capital

Using data from the Japanese Basic Survey on Wage Structure for 1981 and 1986, the authors estimate the effect of the age of mandatory retirement on the rate of growth of earnings with job tenure in Japan. The results indicate that an increase in the age of mandatory retirement reduces the rate of growth of earnings. This finding suggests that the existence of long-term employment contracts is a more likely explanation of the steep earnings-experience profiles of Japanese workers than is the specific human capital model.

scholarly journals New NSF policy will stifle innovation

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heather L Eisthen ◽  
Keyword(s):  
National Science Foundation ◽  
Principal Investigator ◽  
Early Career ◽  
Fiscal Year ◽  
Biological Research ◽  
Environmental Biology ◽  
The Core ◽  
National Science ◽  
The U.S

A new proposal submission policy announced by the U.S. National Science Foundation Biology Directorate mandates that researchers can serve as principal investigator or co-PI on only one proposal per fiscal year to each of the core tracks of the Divisions of Environmental Biology, Integrative Organismal Systems, and Molecular and Cellular Biosciences. The rationale for the restriction is apparently to prevent rapid resubmission of declined proposals; however other NSF programs without deadlines simply prohibit rapid resubmission of proposals and some place no restrictions on submissions. We are deeply concerned that the new restrictions will damage biological research by limiting researchers’ ability to collaborate. In addition, the restrictions will exacerbate pressure on early-career colleagues who may turn to safe, fundable submissions rather than novel and transformative ideas. We write this letter in hopes of raising the alarm about this misguided and harmful new policy.

scholarly journals New NSF policy will stifle innovation

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heather L Eisthen ◽  
Keyword(s):  
National Science Foundation ◽  
Principal Investigator ◽  
Early Career ◽  
Fiscal Year ◽  
Biological Research ◽  
Environmental Biology ◽  
The Core ◽  
National Science ◽  
The U.S

A new proposal submission policy announced by the U.S. National Science Foundation Biology Directorate mandates that researchers can serve as principal investigator or co-PI on only one proposal per fiscal year to each of the core tracks of the Divisions of Environmental Biology, Integrative Organismal Systems, and Molecular and Cellular Biosciences. The rationale for the restriction is apparently to prevent rapid resubmission of declined proposals; however other NSF programs without deadlines simply prohibit rapid resubmission of proposals and some place no restrictions on submissions. We are deeply concerned that the new restrictions will damage biological research by limiting researchers’ ability to collaborate. In addition, the restrictions will exacerbate pressure on early-career colleagues who may turn to safe, fundable submissions rather than novel and transformative ideas. We write this letter in hopes of raising the alarm about this misguided and harmful new policy.

scholarly journals Quantifying the Effects of Patent Protection on Innovation, Imitation, Growth, and Aggregate Productivity

2020 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Pedro Bento
Keyword(s):  
Equilibrium Model ◽  
Patent Protection ◽  
Aggregate Productivity ◽  
Sequential Innovation ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Original Innovation ◽  
Different Sources ◽  
The U.S ◽  
Number Of Firms

AbstractI develop a general equilibrium model in which patent protection can increase or decrease the costs of sequential innovation, original innovation, and imitation. Depending on these relative effects, protection can in theory increase or decrease markups, imitation, innovation, growth, and aggregate productivity. I discipline the model using data from several different sources, and find that weakening protection in the U.S. would lead to no change in markups and imitation, no change in long-run growth, a significant increase in the number of firms, and an increase in aggregate productivity of 11%.

Immigration and the tech industry: As a labour shortage remedy, for innovation, or for cost savings?

2013 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 201-227 ◽  
Author(s):  
Norman Matloff
Keyword(s):  
Immigration Policy ◽  
Brain Drain ◽  
Cost Savings ◽  
Foreign Workers ◽  
Service Firms ◽  
It Service ◽  
Labour Shortage ◽  
Labour Costs ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The U.S

The two main reasons cited by the U.S. tech industry for hiring foreign workers--remedying labour shortages and hiring "the best and the brightest"--are investigated, using data on wages, patents, and R&D work, as well as previous research and industry statements. The analysis shows that the claims of shortage and outstanding talent are not supported by the data, even after excluding the Indian IT service firms. Instead, it is shown that the primary goals of employers in hiring  foreign workers are to reduce labour costs and to obtain "indentured" employees. Current immigration policy is causing an ‘Internal Brain Drain’ in STEM.

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