Product Lines and Price Discrimination in Markets with Information Frictions

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natalia Fabra ◽  
Juan-Pablo Montero
Keyword(s):  
Price Discrimination ◽  
Competition Model ◽  
Information Frictions ◽  
Product Lines ◽  
High Quality ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Duopolistic Competition ◽  
Second Degree

A well-known principle in economics is that firms differentiate their product offerings in order to relax competition. However, in this paper we show that information frictions can invalidate this principle. We build a duopolistic competition model of second-degree price discrimination with information frictions in which (i) an equilibrium always exists with overlapping product qualities, whereas (ii) an equilibrium with nonoverlapping product qualities exists only if both information frictions and the cost of providing high quality are sufficiently small. As a consequence, reasons other than an attempt to soften competition should explain why firms in some cases carry nonoverlapping product lines. This paper was accepted by Matthew Shum, marketing.

Fighting Bundles: The Effects of Competition on Second-Degree Price Discrimination

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 156-187
Author(s):  
Andre Boik ◽  
Hidenori Takahashi
Keyword(s):  
Market Structure ◽  
Price Discrimination ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Second Degree

We study how changes in market structure affect how firms engage in second-degree price discrimination. Specifically, we study how a large incumbent cable firm changes its menu of price-quality offerings and mixed bundles in response to entry. Competition strongly decreases the rate at which prices increase in quality and induces the incumbent to introduce additional medium- to high-quality offerings that the incumbent could have introduced absent competition but chose not to. Our findings are relevant for the broadband industry because they suggest that competition can improve broadband quality through direct pricing effects without any changes in investment in maximum quality. (JEL D21, D22, D43, L13, L42, L82)

scholarly journals Current Diagnosis and Management of Cervical Spondylotic Myelopathy

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (6) ◽  
pp. 572-586 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joshua Bakhsheshian ◽  
Vivek A. Mehta ◽  
John C. Liu
Keyword(s):  
Natural History ◽  
Cervical Spondylotic Myelopathy ◽  
Early Recognition ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Diagnosis And Management ◽  
Imaging Characteristics ◽  
Cervical Sagittal Alignment ◽  
Long Term Follow Up ◽  
The Cost

Study Design: Review. Objectives: Cervical spondylotic myelopathy (CSM) is a major cause of disability, particular in elderly patients. Awareness and understanding of CSM is imperative to facilitate early diagnosis and management. This review article addresses CSM with regard to its epidemiology, anatomical considerations, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, imaging characteristics, treatment approaches and outcomes, and the cost-effectiveness of surgical options. Methods: The authors performed an extensive review of the peer-reviewed literature addressing the aforementioned objectives. Results: The clinical presentation and natural history of CSM is variable, alternating between quiescent and insidious to stepwise decline or rapid neurological deterioration. For mild CSM, conservative options could be employed with careful observation. However, surgical intervention has shown to be superior for moderate to severe CSM. The success of operative or conservative management of CSM is multifactorial and high-quality studies are lacking. The optimal surgical approach is still under debate, and can vary depending on the number of levels involved, location of the pathology and baseline cervical sagittal alignment. Conclusions: Early recognition and treatment of CSM, before the onset of spinal cord damage, is essential for optimal outcomes. The goal of surgery is to decompress the cord with expansion of the spinal canal, while restoring cervical lordosis, and stabilizing when the risk of cervical kyphosis is high. Further high-quality randomized clinical studies with long-term follow up are still needed to further define the natural history and help predict the ideal surgical strategy.

scholarly journals Exploring the Impact of Early Decisions in Variable Ordering for Constraint Satisfaction Problems

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
José Carlos Ortiz-Bayliss ◽  
Ivan Amaya ◽  
Santiago Enrique Conant-Pablos ◽  
Hugo Terashima-Marín
Keyword(s):  
Constraint Satisfaction ◽  
Constraint Satisfaction Problems ◽  
Search Cost ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Simple Method ◽  
Variable Ordering ◽  
It Performance ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Variable Ordering Heuristics

When solving constraint satisfaction problems (CSPs), it is a common practice to rely on heuristics to decide which variable should be instantiated at each stage of the search. But, this ordering influences the search cost. Even so, and to the best of our knowledge, no earlier work has dealt with how first variable orderings affect the overall cost. In this paper, we explore the cost of finding high-quality orderings of variables within constraint satisfaction problems. We also study differences among the orderings produced by some commonly used heuristics and the way bad first decisions affect the search cost. One of the most important findings of this work confirms the paramount importance of first decisions. Another one is the evidence that many of the existing variable ordering heuristics fail to appropriately select the first variable to instantiate. Another one is the evidence that many of the existing variable ordering heuristics fail to appropriately select the first variable to instantiate. We propose a simple method to improve early decisions of heuristics. By using it, performance of heuristics increases.

GAIN Premix Facility: An Innovative Approach for Improving Access to Quality Vitamin and Mineral Premix in Fortification Initiatives

2012 ◽  
Vol 33 (4_suppl3) ◽  
pp. S381-S389 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philippe Guinot ◽  
Vincent Jallier ◽  
Alessandro Blasi ◽  
Christophe Guyondet ◽  
Marc Van Ameringen
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Edible Oils ◽  
Quality Standards ◽  
Private Industry ◽  
Target Groups ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Adequate Quality ◽  
Standards And Guidelines ◽  
Set Up ◽  
The Cost

Background Vitamin and mineral premix is one of the most significant recurring input costs for large-scale food fortification programs. A number of barriers exist to procuring adequate quality premix, including accessing suppliers, volatile prices for premix, lack of quality assurance and monitoring of delivered products, and lack of funds to purchase premix. Objective To develop and test a model to procure premix through a transparent and efficient process in which an adequate level of quality is guaranteed and a financial mechanism is in place to support countries or specific target groups when there are insufficient resources to cover the cost of premix. Methods Efforts focused on premixes used to fortify flour, such as wheat or maize (iron, zinc, B vitamins, and vitamin A), edible oils (vitamins A and D), and other food vehicles, such as fortified complementary foods, complementary food supplements, and condiments. A premix procurement model was set up with three distinct components: a certification process that establishes industry-wide standards and guidelines for premix, a procurement facility that makes premix more accessible to countries and private industry engaged in fortification, and a credit facility mechanism that helps projects finance premix purchases. Results After three years of operation, 15 premix suppliers and 29 micronutrient manufacturers have been certified, and more than US$23 million worth of premix that met quality standards has been supplied in 34 countries in Africa, Central and Southern Asia, and Eastern Europe, reaching an estimated 242 million consumers. Conclusions The Premix Facility demonstrated its effectiveness in ensuring access to high-quality premixes, therefore enabling the success of various fortification programs.

scholarly journals Manajemen Biaya untuk Meningkatkan Ketepatan Penghitungan Biaya melalui Biaya Berbasis Aktivitas

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 125
Author(s):  
Agung Listiadi
Keyword(s):  
Cost Driver ◽  
Management Systems ◽  
Activity Based Costing ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Overhead Cost ◽  
Consumption Cost ◽  
Costing System ◽  
Major Factors ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Selection Of

Cost is an important factor in ensuring the company win in the competition on the market. Consumers will choose a manufacturer that is able to produce products and services that have high quality with low prices. Costs of Management Systems Contemporary emphasis on search than the allocation. And management based activities are at the heart of contemporary operating control system. At least two major factors that must be considered in the selection of cost driver (cost driver) are: the cost of measurement and the degree of correlation between the consumption cost driver with the actual overhead. Cost driver is divided into two categories, namely the structural cost driver and executional cost driver. Cost driver is the basis used to charge collected on cost pool to the product. So that the calculation of the cost through Time Driven activity-based costing system, the company obtain more precise information and accurate.

scholarly journals PERSPEKTIF ILMU EKONOMI DAN UNDANG-UNDANG NOMOR 5 TAHUN 1999 TENTANG LARANGAN PRAKTIK MONOPOLI DAN PERSAINGAN USAHA TIDAK SEHAT TERHADAP DISKRIMINASI HARGA

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Irwan Sugiarto
Keyword(s):  
Price Discrimination ◽  
Peak Load ◽  
Cost Price ◽  
Price Strategy ◽  
Price Determination ◽  
Intertemporal Price Discrimination ◽  
Price Strategies ◽  
Second Degree

Unfair business competition can cause and trigger monopoly practice where markets arecontrolled and dominated by business doers. Besides, another impact of monopoly practiceis that; the business doers tend to sell expensive products without good quality. Monopolybusiness doers often apply price strategy where the entrepeneurs at normal competitivemarkets are not possible to do that. One of price strategies is price discrimination. Pricediscrimination refers to different price determination at a product at different time to everydifferent customer, or different market, but it is not based on different cost. Price discriminationcan be distinguished into three kinds, namely first degree price discrimination, second degreeprice discrimination, and third degree price discrimination. In addition to that, there is avariant in second degree price discrimination and third degree price discrimination, namelytwo part tariff, intertemporal price discrimination, and also peak load pricing.In Act No. 5 year 1999, discrimination related to prices is regulated in two groups ofrules and articles, that is to say price discrimination which is aproved under agreement, anddiscrimination which is performed by unilateral agreement or without agreement.

scholarly journals LeafGo: Leaf to Genome, a quick workflow to produce high-quality De novo genomes with Third Generation Sequencing technology

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick Driguez ◽  
Salim Bougouffa ◽  
Karen Carty ◽  
Alexander Putra ◽  
Kamel Jabbari ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
De Novo ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Plant Genome ◽  
Plant Genomics ◽  
High Quality ◽  
High Molecular Weight Dna ◽  
Tissue Samples ◽  
Sequencing Technologies ◽  
The Cost ◽  
New Generation

AbstractRecent years have witnessed a rapid development of sequencing technologies. Fundamental differences and limitations among various platforms impact the time, the cost and the accuracy for sequencing whole genomes. Here we designed a complete de novo plant genome generation workflow that starts from plant tissue samples and produces high-quality draft genomes with relatively modest laboratory and bioinformatic resources within seven days. To optimize our workflow we selected different species of plants which were used to extract high molecular weight DNA, to make PacBio and ONT libraries for sequencing with the Sequel I, Sequel II and GridION platforms. We assembled high-quality draft genomes of two different Eucalyptus species E. rudis, and E. camaldulensis to chromosome level without using additional scaffolding technologies. For the rapid production of de novo genome assembly of plant species we showed that our DNA extraction protocol followed by PacBio high fidelity sequencing, and assembly with new generation assemblers such as hifiasm produce excellent results. Our findings will be a valuable benchmark for groups planning wet- and dry-lab plant genomics research and for high throughput plant genomics initiatives.

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