A Comparison of Trace Elements Accumulation and Spatial Variability in Leaves of Norway Maple Trees to Co-located PM2.5 Filters in an Urban Area

Within this study, attempts were made to characterize the coarse and fine particulate aerosol fractions in urban area of Belgrade and define the inorganic chemical composition of the aerosol fractions. For this purpose, daily deposits of PM10, PM2.5 and PM1 aerosol fractions were collected during spring and autumn sampling periods in 2007 and analyzed for the PM mass concentrations, trace elements and secondary ions. The results obtained in the two campaigns showed average daily mass concentrations of 37 and 44 ?g/m3 for PM10, 22 and 23 ?g/m3 for PM2.5 and 15 and 17 ?g/m3 for the finest particulate matter fraction PM1 with the maximums exceeding the limit values set by the EU air quality regulations. A correlation with the gas-phase ambient air pollutants SO2, NO2 and O3 was found and is discussed. The concentrations of trace elements (Mg, Al, K, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Se, Mo, Cd, Sb, Ba, Tl, Pb and Th) and secondary ions (NO3 -, SO4 2-, NH4 +, K+, Ca2+ and Na+) determined in the PM10, PM2.5 and PM1 aerosol fractions showed levels and distributions indicating soil and traffic-related sources as the main pollution sources. This study was conducted as the first step of PM assessment in order to point out main air pollution sources and suggest a remedy strategy specific for this region.

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Source contribution to the bulk atmospheric deposition of minor and trace elements in a Northern Spanish coastal urban area

Atmospheric Research ◽

10.1016/j.atmosres.2014.04.002 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 145-146 ◽

pp. 80-91 ◽

Cited By ~ 20

Author(s):

Ignacio Fernández-Olmo ◽

Mariano Puente ◽

Lucia Montecalvo ◽

Angel Irabien

Keyword(s):

Trace Elements ◽

Atmospheric Deposition ◽

Urban Area ◽

Minor And Trace Elements ◽

Source Contribution ◽

Bulk Atmospheric Deposition

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Natural and anthropogenic patterns of covariance and spatial variability of minor and trace elements in agricultural topsoil

Geoderma ◽

10.1016/j.geoderma.2004.11.002 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 127 (1-2) ◽

pp. 24-35 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

J. Spijker ◽

S.P. Vriend ◽

P.F.M. van Gaans

Keyword(s):

Trace Elements ◽

Spatial Variability ◽

Minor And Trace Elements ◽

Agricultural Topsoil

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Estimating background contributions and US anthropogenic enhancements to maximum ozone concentrations in the northern US

Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics ◽

10.5194/acp-19-12587-2019 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 19 (19) ◽

pp. 12587-12605 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

David D. Parrish ◽

Christine A. Ennis

Keyword(s):

New York ◽

Los Angeles ◽

Spatial Variability ◽

Urban Area ◽

Ambient Air ◽

Quality Standard ◽

Ozone Concentrations ◽

Average Maximum ◽

The Us ◽

Ambient Air Quality Standard

Abstract. US ambient ozone concentrations have two components: US background ozone and enhancements produced from the country's anthropogenic precursor emissions. Only the enhancements effectively respond to national emission controls. We investigate the temporal evolution and spatial variability in the largest ozone concentrations, i.e., those that define the ozone design value (ODV) upon which the National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS) is based, within the northern tier of US states. We focus on two regions: rural western states, with only small anthropogenic precursor emissions, and the urbanized northeastern states, which include the New York City urban area, the nation's most populated. The US background ODV (i.e., the ODV remaining if US anthropogenic precursor emissions were reduced to zero) is estimated to vary from 54 to 63 ppb in the rural western states and to be smaller and nearly constant (45.8±3.0 ppb) throughout the northeastern states. These US background ODVs correspond to 65 % to 90 % of the 2015 NAAQS of 70 ppb. Over the past 2 to 3 decades US emission control efforts have decreased the US anthropogenic ODV enhancements at an approximately exponential rate, with an e-folding time constant of ∼22 years. These ODV enhancements are relatively large in the northeastern US, with state maximum ODV enhancements of ∼35–64 ppb in 2000, but are not discernible in the rural western states. The US background ODV contribution is significantly larger than the present-day ODV enhancements due to photochemical production from US anthropogenic precursor emissions in the urban as well as the rural regions investigated. Forward projections of past trends suggest that average maximum ODVs in northeastern US will drop below the NAAQS of 70 ppb by about 2021, assuming that the exponential decrease in the ODV enhancements can be maintained and the US background ODV remains constant. This estimate is much more optimistic than in the Los Angeles urban area, where a similar approach estimates the maximum ODV to reach 70 ppb in ∼2050 (Parrish et al., 2017a). The primary reason for this large difference is the significantly higher US ODV background (62.0±2.0 ppb) estimated for the Los Angeles urban area. The approach used in this work has some unquantified uncertainties that are discussed. Models can also estimate US background ODVs; some of those results are shown to correlate with the observationally based estimates derived here (r2 values for different models are ∼0.31 to 0.90), but they are on average systematically lower by 4 to 13 ppb. Further model improvement is required until their output can accurately reproduce the time series and spatial variability in observed ODVs. Ideally, the uncertainties in the model and observationally based approaches can then be reduced through additional comparisons.

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A dense network of rain gauges within an urban area: Rainfall uncertainty and variability

10.5194/egusphere-egu21-14941 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Luc Neppel ◽

Pierre Marchand ◽

Pascal Finaud-Guyot ◽

Vincent Guinot ◽

Christian Salles

Keyword(s):

Spatial Variability ◽

Urban Area ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Rainfall Variability ◽

Temporal Structure ◽

Drainage System ◽

Spatiotemporal Variability ◽

Small Scale ◽

Rain Gauges ◽

Rain Gauges Network

This study presents a new high density rain gauges network installed in urban area to study spatio-temporal structure and variability of precipitation at small scales. The preliminary results concerning gauges calibration and characterization of the rainfall spatial variability at fine scale are discussed.In urban areas, the impervious surfaces connected to the drainage system leads to highly dynamic flows. The flood and runoff risk characterization requires&#160; fine spatiotemporal scale to describe hydrological model input data :rainfall within spatial scale of less than 1km and temporal scale close to 1minis necessary for urban hydrological applications and risk assessment. In order to characterize small-scale rainfall spatiotemporal variability, a dense rain gauges network is deployed at Montpellier (France) with inter-gauges distances from 100m to 1km. Currently, 9 tipping bucket rain gauges &#160;associated with 9 anemometers are acquiring rainfall and wind norm intensity every minutes. The network density and extension will be increased soon.The first year measurements highlight a spatial variability of the 1-minute rainfall at the subkilometer scale. This observed variability is analyzed in view of the measurement uncertainty (gauge calibration, gauge error, bias due to the gauge location) to identify the natural rainfall variability.This contribution presents the new densely extensive rainfall &#160;network measurement, the typing bucket raingauge calibration and highlights that the observed 1-minute rainfall intensity variability&#160; is significant and cannot be only explained by the measurement uncertainties.

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GEOSTATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF THE ATMOGEOCHEMICAL FIELD IN THE PRIOR LAYER OF THE ATMOSPHERE OF NORTHERN UKRAINE (BRYOGEOCHEMICAL INDICATION DATA)

Visnyk of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv Geology ◽

10.17721/1728-2713.86.12 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 80-89

Author(s):

Yu. Tyutyunnik ◽

O. Shabatura ◽

O. Blum ◽

J. Daunis-i-Estadella

Keyword(s):

Trace Elements ◽

Spatial Variability ◽

Atmospheric Pollution ◽

Chemical Elements ◽

Surface Wind ◽

Atmospheric Precipitation ◽

Good Method ◽

Active Role ◽

Geostatistical Analysis ◽

Sampling System

The bryogeochemical indication of atmospheric pollution in the central part of northern Ukraine is based on the use of moss P.schreberi species. The sampling system provided an empirical reference the moss sample data to a particular physical and geographical zone, taking into account the distance from the source of atmospheric pollution. This approach allowed developing a gradation of natural and man-caused conditions for the accumulation of chemical elements in moss samples. The data on the content of chemical elements in the moss-indicator were analysed and checked for comprehensive geostatistics (factor analysis methods, mapping of spatial correlations of significant factors, centered triangular charts and composite biplot). Results made possible to form a mutual hyperspace of geochemical factors and signs for its subsequent interpretation.The leading factor of the bryogeochemical indication is air pollution by a large dust of natural terrigenous and man-caused origin. Second factor connected with a finely dispersed man-caused-condensation aerosols impact; the third factor is identified by the behavior of titanium and vanadium as the effect of heat and power (TPP, boiler room) on atmospheric emissions; the fourth factor is аn impact of biogenesis, which is determined by active role of trace elements – sulfur and phosphorus; the fifth factor is connected with biogenic migration of trace elements – boron, copper and cobalt. The sixth factor is weak, and probably due to the behavior of manganese and chromium, associated with Eh-pH parameters of atmospheric precipitation and hydrometeors. The regional geostatistical analysis of the bryogeochemical data shows that the factor of the terrigenous dust uplift within the studied territory exhibits a spatial variability due to differences in the granulometric composition of the Quaternary deposits, the degree of soil retention and plowing, and differences in surface wind speeds. Spatial heterogeneity is obvious due to aman-caused factor showing a distribution of the dispersion of the Fe-S-Pb and V-Cd-Pb clusters on bipolar charts. Instead, such a geochemical factor as "biogenesis" shows a low spatial variability. The bryogeochemical indication is a good method for the assessment and monitoring of atmospheric pollution of large and varied natural and man-causedarea as well as the proposed geostatistical mapping of the atmogeochemic field showing that it is efficient todivide the territories by type of pollution.

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