scholarly journals In vitro Enhancement by CpG ODN of Phagocytic Activity of Rainbow Trout Head Kidney Phagocytes against Fish Pathogen Vibrio ordalii, but not against Polystyrene Particles

2007 ◽  
Vol 69 (12) ◽  
pp. 1287-1290 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masahiro NAKATANI ◽  
Tadashi IWASAKI ◽  
Shinobu WATARAI ◽  
Hiroshi KODAMA
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Phagocytic Activity ◽  
Head Kidney ◽  
Cpg Odn ◽  
Fish Pathogen ◽  
Vibrio Ordalii

scholarly journals Dawn to Dusk: Diurnal Rhythm of the Immune Response in Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus Mykiss)

Biology ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruth Montero ◽  
Joanna Ewa Strzelczyk ◽  
Justin Tze Ho Chan ◽  
Marieke Verleih ◽  
Alexander Rebl ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Phagocytic Activity ◽  
Myeloid Cells ◽  
Head Kidney ◽  
Time Of Day ◽  
Aeromonas Salmonicida ◽  
Diurnal Rhythms ◽  
Dark Phase ◽  
Immune Competence

The daily change of light and dark periods influences different physiological processes including feeding, resting and locomotor activity. Previously, several studies on mammalian models revealed a strong link between day-night rhythms and key immunological parameters. Since teleost fishes possess innate and adaptive immune responses like those observed in higher vertebrates, we aimed to elucidate how changes in light-dark cycles shape the immune system of fish. Using the rainbow trout laboratory model, we investigated the link between diurnal rhythms and immune competence of fish. Initially, the cell composition and phagocytic activity of leukocytes was analyzed in the circulation as well as in the head kidney, the functional ortholog of mammalian bone marrow. Once the baseline was established, we evaluated the ability of fish to respond to a bacterial stimulus, as well as the changes in antimicrobial activity of the serum. Our results suggest increased immune competence during the day, manifested by the higher presence of myeloid cells in the circulation; increased overall phagocytic activity; and higher capacity of the sera to inhibit the growth of Aeromonas salmonicida. Notably, our flow cytometric analysis identified the myeloid cells as the major population influenced by the time of day, whereas IgM+ B cells and thrombocytes did not vary in a significant manner. Interestingly, the presence of myeloid cells in blood and head kidney followed complementary trends. Thus, while we observed the highest number of myeloid cells in the blood during early morning, we witnessed a reverse trend in the head kidney, suggesting a homing of myeloid cells to reservoir niches with the onset of the dark phase. Further, the presence of myeloid cells was mirrored in the expression of the proinflammatory marker tnfa as well as in the number of leukocytes recruited to the peritoneal cavity in the peritonitis model of inflammation. Overall, the data suggest a connection between diurnal rhythms and the immune response of rainbow trout and highlight the relevance of rhythmicity and its influence on experimental work in the field of fish chronoimmunology.

Oxygen Uptake of Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus Mykiss Phagocytes Following Stimulation of the Respiratory Burst

1990 ◽  
Vol 154 (1) ◽  
pp. 339-353
Author(s):  
L. A. J. NAGELKERKE ◽  
M. C. PANNEVIS ◽  
D. F. HOULIHAN ◽  
C. J. SECOMBES
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Respiratory Burst ◽  
Biological Significance ◽  
Calcium Ionophore ◽  
Head Kidney ◽  
Oxidase Inhibitor ◽  
Ionophore A23187 ◽  
Stimulation Of

The in vitro oxygen uptake of rainbow trout phagocyte-enriched head kidney leucocyte and head kidney macrophage suspensions was monitored. Stimulation of these cells with zymosan or phorbol myristate acetate induced a two-to 10-fold increase in oxygen uptake, the so-called respiratory burst. This respiratory burst activity was markedly enhanced in the presence of the calcium ionophore A23187 and inhibited in the presence of the NADPH oxidase inhibitor diphenyl iodonium or when glucose was absent from the buffer. The presence of sodium azide also inhibited the response of phagocyte-enriched suspensions by approximately 36 %, but only by 16 % for macrophage suspensions. The possible pathways responsible for the respiratory burst in fish phagocytes and its biological significance are discussed.

scholarly journals Effect of Methylmercury Exposure on Bioaccumulation and Nonspecific Immune Respsonses in Hybrid Grouper Epinephelus fuscoguttatus × Epinephelus lanceolatus

Animals ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 147
Author(s):  
Hsiang-Chieh Chuang ◽  
Huai-Ting Huang ◽  
Novi-Rosmala Dewi ◽  
Hsi-Hua Hsiao ◽  
Bo-Ying Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Viability ◽  
Muscle Tissue ◽  
Phagocytic Activity ◽  
Head Kidney ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Hybrid Grouper ◽  
Epinephelus Fuscoguttatus ◽  
O2 Production

Mercury (Hg) is a dangerous heavy metal that can accumulate in fish and is harmful when consumed by humans. This study investigated the bioaccumulation of mercury in the form of methylmercury (MeHg) and evaluated nonspecific immune responses such as phagocytic activity and superoxide anion (O2−) production in hybrid grouper (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus × E. lanceolatus). The hybrid grouper leukocytes were incubated with methylmercury chloride (CH3HgCl) at concentrations of 10–10,000 µg/L to determine cell viability, phagocytic activity, and O2− production in vitro. Subsequently, the grouper were exposed daily to CH3HgCl mixed in the experimental diets at concentrations of 0, 1, 5, and 10 mg/kg for 28 days. The bioaccumulation of MeHg in the liver, head kidney, and muscle tissue was measured, and the phagocytic activity and O2− production were evaluated. In vitro results indicated that cell viability was significantly lower than that of the control group at concentrations > 500 µg/L. The phagocytic rate and O2− production at concentrations ˃ 500 and ˃ 200 µg/L, respectively, were significantly lower than those of the control group. The dietary exposure demonstrated that MeHg accumulated more substantially in the liver and head kidney compared with the muscle tissue in the treatment groups. Moreover, the cumulative concentration significantly increased with higher concentrations and more days of exposure. The phagocytic rate and O2− production in the treatment groups were significantly lower than those in the control group from days 2 and 1, respectively. In conclusion, hybrid grouper accumulated significant MeHg in the liver and head kidney compared with the muscle tissue, and higher concentrations and more exposure days resulted in decreased cell viability, phagocytic activity, and O2− production.

Fate of the fish pathogen Aeromonas salmonicida in the peritoneal cavity of rainbow trout

1993 ◽  
Vol 39 (11) ◽  
pp. 1051-1058 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rafael A. Garduño ◽  
Julian C. Thornton ◽  
William W. Kay
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Peritoneal Cavity ◽  
Peritoneal Fluid ◽  
Aeromonas Salmonicida ◽  
Lytic Activity ◽  
Fish Pathogen ◽  
Phagocytic Cells ◽  
Fish Pathogens

A model was developed to study the fate of the fish pathogen Aeromonas salmonicida in vivo, inside a specialized intraperitoneal chamber implanted in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. Although normally recalcitrant to lytic agents in vitro, owing to the presence of its regular surface array (S layer), A. salmonicida was rapidly killed in the peritoneal cavity by a host-derived, soluble lytic activity present in peritoneal fluid. Peritoneal fluid was also found to kill other bacteria and lyse various types of erythrocytes, but was particularly lytic to A. salmonicida. Intraperitoneal survival of injected (free) A. salmonicida cells was several orders of magnitude higher than survival of implanted (restrained) cells. Injected free cells could evade the lytic activity of peritoneal fluid because they readily spread, initiating lethal infections. One evasion strategy was envisioned to be the penetration of peritoneal and (or) tissue macrophages. In spite of the killing mechanisms of these phagocytic cells, A. salmonicida was still able to survive and even replicate inside head kidney macrophages, thereby supporting the notion of A. salmonicida as a facultatively intracellular pathogen. Intraperitoneal chambers in rainbow trout may constitute a valuable experimental tool for studying the in vivo fate of A. salmonicida, and perhaps of other fish pathogens as well.Key words: Aeromonas salmonicida, intraperitoneal chambers, rainbow trout, complement-mediated cell lysis.

scholarly journals CD38 Defines a Subset of B Cells in Rainbow Trout Kidney With High IgM Secreting Capacities

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diana Martín ◽  
Pedro Perdiguero ◽  
Esther Morel ◽  
Irene Soleto ◽  
J. German Herranz-Jusdado ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Cell Differentiation ◽  
B Cells ◽  
B Cell ◽  
Head Kidney ◽  
Aeromonas Salmonicida ◽  
Mrna Levels ◽  
B Cell Differentiation ◽  
B Cell Subsets

CD38 is a multifunctional molecule that functions both as a transmembrane signaling receptor and as an ectoenzyme with important roles in cell adhesion, calcium regulation and signal transduction. Within the B cell linage, CD38 is expressed in diverse murine B cell subsets, with highest levels in innate B cell subpopulations such as marginal zone (MZ) B cells or B1 cells. In humans, however, CD38 is transiently expressed on early lymphocyte precursors, is lost on mature B cells and is consistently expressed on terminally differentiated plasma cells. In the present work, we have identified two homologues of mammalian CD38 in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), designating them as CD38A and CD38B. Although constitutively transcribed throughout different tissues in homeostasis, both CD38A and CD38B mRNA levels were significantly up-regulated in head kidney (HK) in response to a viral infection. In this organ, after the generation of a specific monoclonal antibody (mAb) against CD38A, the presence of CD38A+ populations among IgM+ B cells and IgM- leukocytes was investigated by flow cytometry. Interestingly, the percentage of IgM+CD38A+ B cells increased in response to an in vitro stimulation with inactivated Aeromonas salmonicida. Finally, we demonstrated that HK IgM+CD38A+ B cells had an increased IgM secreting capacity than that of cells lacking CD38A on the cell surface, also showing increased transcription levels of genes associated with B cell differentiation. This study strongly suggests a role for CD38 on the B cell differentiation process in teleosts, and provides us with novel tools to discern between B cell subsets in these species.

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