Fault Lines

2020 ◽  
pp. 132-158
Author(s):  
Kenneth Austin
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
European Countries ◽  
The Political ◽  
Personal Goals ◽  
Political Leaders ◽  
Wars Of Religion ◽  
The Reformation ◽  
Fault Lines ◽  
Religious Landscape

This chapter talks about the various forms of Protestantism that had been accepted by large swathes of the population of many territories in Europe. It also mentions political leaders that had adopted the Reformation, whether out of genuine commitment or as a means to achieve personal goals. The chapter recounts the introduction of Reformation in England and Scotland that was achieved with relatively little bloodshed. It describes the minor impact of Protestantism in other European countries, such as Spain and Italy, where stability was largely maintained. It also highlights the Wars of Religion that dominated the political and religious landscape of France through the second half of the sixteenth century and into the early seventeenth.

Some Comments on Later Casuistry and ‘Jesuitical’ Equivocation

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emily Corran
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Early Modern ◽  
Intellectual History ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Moral Theology ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Political Leaders ◽  
Wars Of Religion ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Reformation

This chapter discusses early modern controversies about equivocation and mental reservation in the light of medieval intellectual history. Sixteenth-century polemics on equivocation are best explained in terms of the social and intellectual developments of that period, rather than anything inherent to the medieval discussion. The Reformation, the wars of religion in the sixteenth century, the persecution of religious minorities created an urgent new need for casuistry among Catholics who found themselves endangered. In addition the Second Scholasticism sought to make pastoral teaching relevant to political leaders of their period. Nevertheless, the combination of a stable framework of casuistical questions and changing content of moral theology that emerged in the later Middle Ages is crucial for understanding its subsequent history. The framework of ideas that were established during the medieval period was a crucial limiting factor to the later quarrels about justified equivocation.

The Political Is the Total

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lilian Calles Barger
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Religion And Politics ◽  
The Political ◽  
The Enlightenment ◽  
The Reformation ◽  
Post War ◽  
Critical Theology ◽  
Political Negotiation ◽  
Political Character ◽  
Total P

This chapter illuminates how theology came to view itself and the unresolved political questions generated by modernity that liberation theologians challenged. The theo-political negotiation that began in sixteenth-century Europe, the reverberations of the Enlightenment and Romantic heart religion, remained as a residue within post-war theology. Both Catholics and Protestant liberationists voiced the attitude of the radical wing of the Reformation, an influential minority appealed to by many subsequent dissenters. The chapter surveys a set of key theo-political negotiations resulting in the Great Separation between religion and politics contributing to the mid-century irrelevancy of theology. The thought of Martin Luther, Thomas Müntzer, and Friedrick Schleiermacher are examined as offering key ideas. In response, liberationists argued for a critical theology against an inherited privatized religion and the assumed autonomy of theology that denied its political character. Refusing to bypass politics, they instigated a call for a critical world-shaping theology.

scholarly journals The Priesthood of All Believers in Africa

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 127
Author(s):  
CONRAD MBEWE
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Church Leaders ◽  
Protestant Reformation ◽  
Political Leaders ◽  
Priesthood Of All Believers ◽  
Protestant Churches ◽  
The Bible ◽  
God's People ◽  
The Reformation

Abstract: Protestant churches in Africa have come under scrutiny from political leaders due to the abuse that citizens in the churches suffer at the hands of their leaders. This is in part due to the loss of the doctrine of the priesthood of all believers taught in the Bible and rediscovered during the Protestant Reformation in the sixteenth century. We trace the discovery of this doctrine in the Reformation, its application to Africa, and its current absence, and we call church leaders to teach this truth afresh to God’s people.

The Roots of Modern Political Satire

2020 ◽  
pp. 21-65
Author(s):  
Meredith McNeill Hale
Keyword(s):  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
The Political ◽  
Political Satire ◽  
Text And Image ◽  
Wars Of Religion ◽  
Dutch Revolt ◽  
Animal Imagery ◽  
French Wars Of Religion ◽  
The Reformation

This chapter considers the evolution of the political print from 1500 through the mid-seventeenth century. This discussion examines satirical strategies employed by printmakers working at four key historical moments—the Reformation in Germany, the Dutch revolt from Spain, the French wars of religion, and the Commonwealth in England—in order to provide a larger context for the assessment of Romeyn de Hooghe’s innovation of the genre. Two strategies dominate the political prints considered in this chapter: (i) those that employ animal imagery, such as the animal fable and the animal hybrid; and (ii) those that feature individual human protagonists. This chapter introduces three themes that feature prominently throughout the book: (i) the elision of boundaries between man and animal; (ii) the treatment of the satirized body; and (iii) the inter-relationship between text and image. It is shown that the finished, closed, and choreographed body of formal portraiture that dominates earlier political prints gives way in De Hooghe’s satires to the expansive, gaping, and uncontrollable body that has been associated with the genre ever since.

Calvin and the Reformation: The Political Education of Protestantism

1957 ◽  
Vol 51 (2) ◽  
pp. 428-453 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sheldon S. Wolin
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Human Behavior ◽  
The Political ◽  
Political Ideas ◽  
Medieval Church ◽  
The Reformation ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Institutional Controls ◽  
The Church ◽  
Consistent Application

The purpose of this essay is to draw attention to two aspects of the political ideas of the sixteenth century Reformation which were important to the development of the Western tradition of political theory. First, like all great transformations, the Reformation stimulated the rethinking of much that had been taken for granted. In terms of political ideas, this centered around a developing crisis in the concept of order and in the Western traditions of civility. The criticism of the papacy by the early reformers had really amounted to a demand for the liberation of the individual believer from a mass of institutional controls and traditional restraints which hitherto had governed his behavior. The medieval church had been many things, and among them, a system of governance. It had sought, not always successfully, to control the conduct of its members through a definite code of discipline, to bind them to unity through emotional as well as material commitments, and to direct the whole religious endeavor through an institutionalized power structure as impressive as any the world had seen. In essence, the Church had provided a rationalized set of restraints designed to mould human behavior to accord with a certain image. To condemn it as the agent of the Antichrist was to work towards the release of human behavior from the order which had formed it. This liberating tendency was encouraged by one of the great ideas of the early reformers, the conception of the church as a fellowship bound together by the ties of faith and united in a common quest for salvation. But the Genossenschaft-idea lacked the complementary notion of the church as a corpus regens, a corporate society welded together by a viable structure of power. The inference remaining was that men could be fashioned to live in an orderly community without the serious and consistent application of force.

Ideas on royal power in the French Wars of Religion: the influence of René Choppin’s De Domanio Franciae (1574)

2020 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 141-160
Author(s):  
Sophie Nicholls
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Intellectual History ◽  
Political Thought ◽  
The Political ◽  
Complex Nature ◽  
Important Work ◽  
Wars Of Religion ◽  
Royal Power ◽  
French Wars Of Religion

Abstract René Choppin (1537–1606) was one of the most cited French lawyers of the sixteenth century, and yet his contribution to intellectual history has gone curiously unexamined. This article considers the reception of his most important work, De Domanio Franciae (1574), in the political thought of the 1570s and early 1580s. It shows that Choppin was particularly influential in two key areas: the question of the inalienability of the French domain, and the role of the Paris parlement in guarding the laws of the country. It also assesses the question of his membership of the Holy League and thereby seeks to establish and clarify the complex nature of the position of Choppin’s works within the broader context of conceptions of royal power in this era.

scholarly journals Die Kerkhervorming in Hongarye

2003 ◽  
Vol 59 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
K.D. Papp
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
South African ◽  
Statistical Data ◽  
Present Situation ◽  
The Political ◽  
Specific Reference ◽  
Reformed Church ◽  
The Reformation ◽  
The Church

The Reformation in HungaryThis article focuses on a description of the Reformation in Hungary. Research into the historical backgrounds of the South-African clerical family Papp (of which the progenitor, the Reverend Kálmán Papp, is the only Hungarian immigrant to date to have become a minister in the reformed churches of South Africa), provided the stimulus for the exploration of this topic. The article briefly describes the political and ecclesiastical circumstances in Hungary prior to the Reformation, the course thereof, with specific reference to the most prominent Hungarian reformers, the outcome of the Reformation, as well as the birth of the Reformed Church of Hungary. The influence of Heinrich Bullinger, whose Confessio Helvetica Posterior was accepted as an official article of faith of this church in 1567, is dealt with in more detail. The article concludes with a few cursory remarks on the effects of the ecclesiastical and political developments in Hungary on the church in the sixteenth century and also provides some statistical data with regard to the present situation.

John Dury, Advocate of Christian Reunion

1932 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 222-231 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. Batten
Keyword(s):  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Roman Catholic ◽  
Roman Catholicism ◽  
Wars Of Religion ◽  
Storm And Stress ◽  
The Reformation ◽  
Differences Of Opinion ◽  
Theological Differences ◽  
The Church

Richard Baxter correctly described the seventeenth century as a “contentious, dividing Age”. Divisive tendencies had been dominant in the preceding century. But the Protestant leaders in the Age of the Reformation had generally maintained that there was but one universal church. Their protests against Roman Catholic abuses and the consequent counter-charges of a revived Roman Catholicism produced the cleavage of Western Christendom and broke the formal unity of the church. Despite the inevitable differences of opinion which emerged amid the storm and stress of the time, the Protestant leaders often expressed their interest in the promotion of the visible unity of the church and they shared a common hope for the ultimate establishment of a new catholicity expressed in terms of universal free communion in place of the old Catholicism under the headship of the pope. But tendencies which the reformers failed to curb soon produced a succession of divisions. The separatists from Rome showed a marked inclination to form separate communions which, at first, followed territorial and national lines. Due to territorial, national, personal, political, and theological differences, the lines of demarcation between the groups into which Christendom was being divided gradually became defined with more pronounced clearness. In the latter part of the sixteenth century new lines of cleavage appeared. The development of rigid types of Protestant scholasticism intensified the strife over confessional differences and the Wars of Religion increased the hatreds of the age.

The Political Resistance of the Calvinists in France and the Low Countries

1958 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 220-233 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert M. Kingdon
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
The Netherlands ◽  
Comparative Studies ◽  
European Countries ◽  
The Political ◽  
Political Resistance ◽  
Modern History ◽  
Low Countries

It seems to me that much can be learned by comparative studies of the histories of the several European countries, and that this is particularly true of their political histories during the sixteenth century. A stimulating start in this direction was made by H. G. Koenigsberger in an article in The Journal of Modern History, titled “The Organization of Revolutionary Parties in France and the Netherlands during the Sixteenth Century.” I would like to propose a further exploration of some of the interesting leads presented by Mr. Koenigsberger. For the present, however, I shall avoid attempting to survey the whole field he opens up for us. I shall limit myself to a study of the revolutionary Calvinist parties, and devote most of my attention to the period of their formation.

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