People, Territory, Plebiscite: The Main Features—Objections and Answers

2020 ◽  
pp. 135-192
Author(s):  
Timothy William Waters
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Theoretical Justification ◽  
Current Rule ◽  
Basic Intuition

This chapter discusses three main aspects of the new rule: people, territory, and plebiscite. It also considers some objections to the new rule and its effects—including the possibility that it would make things worse. The chapter then answers those objections and provides a theoretical justification for the basic intuition that democratic decision-making by local majorities is a positive good. An important theme will emerge: In many respects, the new rule is flawed—in the same ways the current rule is. And in other respects, this flawed new rule offers something more in keeping with people's better natures. The new rule is principally designed to be used before a crisis; it provides a pathway for peaceful change so that crisis need not come.

Slacks-Based Efficiency Measurements with Undesirable Outputs in Data Envelopment Analysis

2014 ◽  
Vol 16 (04) ◽  
pp. 1005-1021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jie Wu ◽  
Xiang Lu ◽  
Dong Guo ◽  
Liang Liang
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Data Envelopment Analysis ◽  
Production Process ◽  
Environmental Performance ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Data Envelopment ◽  
Undesirable Outputs ◽  
Theoretical Justification ◽  
Decision Making Units

Data envelopment analysis (DEA) has recently gained great popularity in modeling environmental performance because it provides condensed information to decision makers when the production process includes undesirable outputs. In this paper, we develop a new slacks-based efficiency measurement for modeling environmental performance using the environmental DEA technology. The proposed index has more theoretical justification, and distinguishes among different decision making units (DMUs) better in practice. Then we further extend it to the nonoriented index with double aim of increasing desirable outputs and reducing undesirable outputs. Finally, we calculate the index for each of 25 OECD European countries in a model of CO2 emission performance from 2007 to 2009 and the results obtained are presented.

scholarly journals The Guarantee Fund of Investment as an Element of Protection Infrastructure of the Securities Market

2018 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Central Banks ◽  
Pension Funds ◽  
Securities Market ◽  
Financial Resources ◽  
Government Agencies ◽  
Investment Risk ◽  
Reimbursement Rate ◽  
Theoretical Justification ◽  
Foreign Experience

The article provides a theoretical justification of necessity to create an investment guarantee fund for the Ukrainian securities market. In the article the foreign experience of the functioning of similar funds, their principles and peculiarities of the organization were emphasized. In particular, the funds of Estonia and Lithuania were analyzed. The purpose of such Guarantee Funds is to provide protection for investors through an investment organization, in case of failure of the investment organization. In order to achieve these goals, the Funds accumulate invest funds of financial resources in government securities and securities of central banks, and in the course of an insurance event, they pay insurance premiums in due time. In the article, it is noted that the object of investors protection is not investment risk, it means, the probability of loss because the investment will not bring profit or loss of value. The models of Estonia and Lithuania show a universal institution that reflects the protection of the clients’ interests of credit institutions (or depositors), clients of investment organizations (or investors), owners of mandatory pension funds shares and insurers who have entered into pension contracts with insurers. Based on the study of model and features in other countries, the authors proposed prototype of structure of a similar institution in Ukraine – «Fund for the Guarantee of Individual Deposits and Investments». One of the main bases is anticipated that such an institution should have a higher reimbursement rate for participants, the functionality and consistency of work with funds of accumulated financial resources will be analogous to foreign models. The management of the Fund will be formed by delegating to it representatives of various government agencies and self-regulatory organizations that will ensure real transparency and objective decision-making of the Fund.

scholarly journals Rules warp feature encoding in decision-making circuits

PLoS Biology ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (11) ◽  
pp. e3000951 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Becket Ebitz ◽  
Jiaxin Cindy Tu ◽  
Benjamin Y. Hayden
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Dorsal Striatum ◽  
Energetic Cost ◽  
Rule Based ◽  
Stimulus Response ◽  
Feature Encoding ◽  
Computational Simplicity ◽  
Physically Identical ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Current Rule

We have the capacity to follow arbitrary stimulus–response rules, meaning simple policies that guide our behavior. Rule identity is broadly encoded across decision-making circuits, but there are less data on how rules shape the computations that lead to choices. One idea is that rules could simplify these computations. When we follow a rule, there is no need to encode or compute information that is irrelevant to the current rule, which could reduce the metabolic or energetic demands of decision-making. However, it is not clear if the brain can actually take advantage of this computational simplicity. To test this idea, we recorded from neurons in 3 regions linked to decision-making, the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), ventral striatum (VS), and dorsal striatum (DS), while macaques performed a rule-based decision-making task. Rule-based decisions were identified via modeling rules as the latent causes of decisions. This left us with a set of physically identical choices that maximized reward and information, but could not be explained by simple stimulus–response rules. Contrasting rule-based choices with these residual choices revealed that following rules (1) decreased the energetic cost of decision-making; and (2) expanded rule-relevant coding dimensions and compressed rule-irrelevant ones. Together, these results suggest that we use rules, in part, because they reduce the costs of decision-making through a distributed representational warping in decision-making circuits.

The Adoption of it in Management Accounting: The Expert Systems Experience

1994 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 159-169 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan Sangster
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Organizational Change ◽  
Expert System ◽  
Expert Systems ◽  
Technology Management ◽  
Management Accounting ◽  
Current Position ◽  
Educational Initiative ◽  
Theoretical Justification ◽  
Management Accountants

This article considers why, despite forecasts to the contrary and in spite of being apparently well-suited to the technology, management accounting-based expert system developments appear to be virtually non-existent. The manner in which organizational change develops and the theoretical justification for the suitability of the management accounting domain for expert systems developments are reviewed, and a number of hypotheses are considered before describing and reporting the results of a survey into the attitudes and environment of UK practising management accountants. The findings suggest that management accountants may lack both awareness of the term and understanding of the nature of expert systems and that they generally do not believe that software can be trusted to make their job easier and improve the consistency of their decision making. It is concluded that a major educational initiative may be required if there is to be any likelihood of a significant change from the current position.

Discarding optimality: Throwing out the baby with the bathwater?

2018 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick Simen ◽  
Fuat Balcı
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Perceptual Decision Making ◽  
Reward Rate ◽  
Perceptual Decision ◽  
Standard Observer ◽  
Rate Maximization ◽  
Reward Rate Maximization ◽  
Descriptive Standard ◽  
Observer Model

AbstractRahnev & Denison (R&D) argue against normative theories and in favor of a more descriptive “standard observer model” of perceptual decision making. We agree with the authors in many respects, but we argue that optimality (specifically, reward-rate maximization) has proved demonstrably useful as a hypothesis, contrary to the authors’ claims.

LPCD framework: Analytical tool or psychological model?

2018 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Danks
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Analytical Tool ◽  
Mathematical Framework ◽  
Bayesian Decision ◽  
Perceptual Decision Making ◽  
Psychological Model ◽  
Psychological Reality ◽  
Psychological Theories ◽  
Target Article ◽  
Bayesian Decision Making

AbstractThe target article uses a mathematical framework derived from Bayesian decision making to demonstrate suboptimal decision making but then attributes psychological reality to the framework components. Rahnev & Denison's (R&D) positive proposal thus risks ignoring plausible psychological theories that could implement complex perceptual decision making. We must be careful not to slide from success with an analytical tool to the reality of the tool components.

Elaborating the role of reflection and individual differences in the study of folk-economic beliefs

2018 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin Arceneaux
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Behavioral Responses ◽  
History Of ◽  
Economic Beliefs

AbstractIntuitions guide decision-making, and looking to the evolutionary history of humans illuminates why some behavioral responses are more intuitive than others. Yet a place remains for cognitive processes to second-guess intuitive responses – that is, to be reflective – and individual differences abound in automatic, intuitive processing as well.

The primacy of conscious decision making – ERRATUM

2014 ◽  
Vol 38 (01) ◽  
pp. 46
Author(s):  
David R. Shanks ◽  
Ben R. Newell
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Conscious Decision
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