Multilevel modelling of factors affecting child mortality in Kenya

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 79-94
Author(s):  
Lucas Ruwa Mwambire ◽  
Idah Orowe
Keyword(s):  
Child Mortality ◽  
Multilevel Modelling ◽  
Factors Affecting

scholarly journals Determinants of Under-Five Mortality in High Mortality Regions of Ethiopia: An Analysis of the 2011 Ethiopia Demographic and Health Survey Data

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Solomon Gebretsadik ◽  
Emmanuel Gabreyohannes
Keyword(s):  
Survey Data ◽  
Child Mortality ◽  
Health Survey ◽  
Birth Interval ◽  
Secondary Analysis ◽  
Demographic And Health Survey ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Under Five ◽  
Health Survey Data ◽  
Low Probability

The study was a secondary analysis of existing data from the 2011 Ethiopia Demographic and Health Survey data. Of the 2097 live births recorded in Affar, Somali, Benishangul-Gumuz, and Gambela regions of Ethiopia between 2006 and 2011, 366 deaths before the age of five years were reported. The univariable and multivariable Cox proportional regression models were fitted to select the factors affecting under-five mortality in these regions. The model revealed that under-five mortality significantly associated with preceding birth interval, family size, birth type, breastfeeding status, source of drinking water, and income of mother. Children born after a preceding birth interval of 2-3 years and 3 years and above were significantly less likely to have died before their fifth birthday than those born within two years. Children who were breastfed, for any period, were 25.5% (HR 1.255, 1.005–1.567, p = 0.045) less likely to have died before their fifth birthday than those who were not breastfed. Increased birth interval time corresponds to a low probability of child mortality. Thus, mothers should be encouraged to wait for a sufficient number of months after a birth to conceive another child. Furthermore, breastfeeding was of paramount importance in the fight against child mortality.

scholarly journals Factors affecting birth weight in sheep: maternal environment

Reproduction ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 133 (1) ◽  
pp. 297-307 ◽  
Author(s):  
D S Gardner ◽  
P J Buttery ◽  
Z Daniel ◽  
M E Symonds
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Litter Size ◽  
Maternal Nutrition ◽  
Multilevel Modelling ◽  
Adult Health ◽  
Maternal Characteristics ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Practical Implications

Knowledge of factors affecting variation in birth weight is especially important given the relationship of birth weight to neonatal and adult health. The present study utilises two large contemporary datasets in sheep of differing breeds to explore factors that influence weight at term. For dataset one (Study 1;n=154 Blue-faced Leicester×Swaledale (Mule) and 87 Welsh Mountain ewes, 315 separate cases of birth weight), lamb birth weight as the outcome measure was related to maternal characteristics and individual energy intake of the ewe during specified periods of gestation, i.e. early (1–30 days; term ~147 days gestation), mid (31–80 days) or late (110–147 days) pregnancy. For dataset two (Study 2;n=856 Mule ewes and 5821 cases of birth weight), we investigated using multilevel modelling the influence of ewe weight, parity, barrenness, lamb sex, litter size, lamb mortality and year of birth on lamb birth weight. For a subset of these ewes (n=283), the effect of the ewes’ own birth weight was also examined. Interactions between combinations of variables were selectively investigated. Litter size, as expected, had the single greatest influence on birth weight with other significant effects being year of birth, maternal birth weight, maternal nutrition, sex of the lamb, ewe barrenness and maternal body composition at mating. The results of the present study have practical implications not only for sheep husbandry but also for the increased knowledge of factors that significantly influence variation in birth weight; as birth weight itself has become a significant predictor of later health outcomes.

scholarly journals Factors affecting poverty in rural Bangladesh: An analysis using multilevel modelling

2018 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 123-130 ◽  
Author(s):  
Md Farouq Imam ◽  
Mohammad Amirul Islam ◽  
MJ Hossain
Keyword(s):  
Unobserved Heterogeneity ◽  
National Level ◽  
Household Head ◽  
Rural Poverty ◽  
Binary Logistic Regression ◽  
Multilevel Modelling ◽  
Policy Formulation ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Logistic Regression Models ◽  
Rural Bangladesh

Poverty is a multi-faced problem in the developing world and it is much more complex in rural settings. Hence, policy formulation based on national level studies sometimes fails to find remedies of rural poverty. Thus, the present study aims to identify the determinants of poverty in rural Bangladesh using the nationally representative Household Income and Expenditure Survey (HIES) 2010 data. The HIES follows a hierarchical structure hence, two-level random intercept binary logistic regression models were used to capture the unobserved heterogeneity between communities along with revealing important factors associated with poverty. The analyses found that 32% of the households were absolute poor and 19% were extremely poor in rural Bangladesh. The potential factors having significant association with poverty were found to be age and education of household head, division, household size, household types, number of dependents, per capita income, household own land, access to electricity, amount of cultivable land, engagement in livestock and farm forestry, household non-agricultural assets, number of male earner and number of female earner in the family. Significant community-level variations were observed in the analyses which emphasis the need for special attention on the poor performing communities. Specific policy recommendations have been suggested for the poverty alleviation of rural households in Bangladesh.J. Bangladesh Agril. Univ. 16(1): 123-130, April 2018

scholarly journals Prognostic factors affecting the short-term efficacy of non-surgical treatment of chronic periodontitis: a multilevel modelling analysis

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hui-Jie Liu ◽  
Bo Wang ◽  
Ao-Chen Wang ◽  
Dan-Hong Zhang ◽  
Cui Mao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surgical Treatment ◽  
Stage Iv ◽  
Multilevel Modelling ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Patient Level ◽  
Term Efficacy ◽  
Probing Depth ◽  
Modelling Analysis ◽  
Non Surgical Treatment

Abstract Objective This current study is aimed to analyze the prognostic factors affecting the short-term efficacy of non-surgical treatment of patients in periodontitis from stage II to stage IV by the multilevel modelling analysis. Materials and Methods A total of 58 patients of chronic periodontitis were included in this study. Patients were clinically explored before and 3 months after the treatment, with the data of Δ probing depth (PD) [Δ PD = baseline PD – finial probing depth (FPD)] as the outcome variables. All the data were divided into site level, tooth level and patient level to construct a multi-layer linear model. Results Compared with the mesial sites and distal sites of the multi-rooted teeth, the number of PD ≥ 5mm or PD < 5mm after the treatment was significantly different ( P < 0.05), and the proportion of PD < 5mm was higher in mesial sites. The null model showed that Δ PD varied greatly between groups at various levels ( P <0.001), with prediction variable of site level, tooth level, and patient level accounted for 66%, 18%, and 16% of the overall difference, respectively. The complete model showed that the Δ PD of smokers was significantly lower than that of non-smokers ( P < 0.001). The Δ PD of the mesial and distal sites was larger than that of the buccolingual central site ( P < 0.001). The Δ PD of single-rooted teeth was larger than that of multi-rooted teeth ( P < 0.001). The baseline PD, tooth mobility (TM), bleeding index (BI), clinical attachment loss (CAL) were significantly negatively correlated with Δ PD ( P < 0.001). Conclusions Patients with periodontitis from stage II to stage IV, who are non-smoking, have good compliance, good awareness of oral health, and low percentage sites with PD ≥ 5mm at baseline, single rooted teeth with hypomobility, less CAL and lower BI and sites of mesial or distal can obtain an ideal short-term efficacy of non-surgical treatment.

Factors affecting infant and child mortality

1985 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 481-496 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arjun L. Adlakha ◽  
C. M. Suchindran
Keyword(s):  
Child Mortality ◽  
Birth Interval ◽  
Work Experience ◽  
Childhood Mortality ◽  
Urban Residence ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Infant And Child Mortality ◽  
Infant Loss ◽  
Mother’S Age ◽  
Using Data

SummaryThis paper examines the determinants of infant and child mortality variations in four near east countries using data from WFS surveys. The analysis considers biological correlates of mortality—mother's age, birth order, birth interval, and previous infant loss—and several social factors—mother's and father's education, mother's residence, father's occupation, and mother's work experience since marriage. A multivariate analysis using a logistic regression model is carried out to obtain the net effect of each factor on mortality. Separate models are constructed for infant mortality and childhood mortality and for each country.The four countries show large variations in mortality, but this is persistently higher in female than male children. All four demographic characteristics affect mortality significantly, especially the length of the preceding birth interval. Among the socioeconomic variables, only rural–urban residence is influential.

scholarly journals Prognostic factors affecting the short-term efficacy of non-surgical treatment of chronic periodontitis: a multilevel modelling analysis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hui-Jie Liu ◽  
Bo Wang ◽  
Ao-Chen Wang ◽  
Dan-Hong Zhang ◽  
Cui Mao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prognostic Factors ◽  
Surgical Treatment ◽  
Multilevel Modelling ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Clinical Attachment Loss ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Term Efficacy ◽  
Probing Depth ◽  
Modelling Analysis ◽  
Non Surgical Treatment

Abstract Background: This current study is aimed to analyze the prognostic factors affecting the short-term efficacy of non-surgical treatment of patients in periodontitis from stage Ⅱ to stage Ⅳ by the multilevel modelling analysis.Materials and Methods: A total of 58 patients with chronic periodontitis were included in this study. Patients were clinically explored before and 3 months after the treatment and the difference in probing depth was determined [ Reduction of probing depth (Δ PD) = baseline PD - finial probing depth (FPD)]. Three different levels were analyzed: patients, teeth and sites to construct a multi-layer linear model.Results: Probing depth (PD) improved significantly compared with that before treatment (p < 0.05), in which FPD was (3.90±1.39) mm, and the ΔPD was (1.79±0.97) mm. Compared with the mesial sites and distal sites of the multi-rooted teeth, the number of PD ≥ 5mm or PD < 5mm after the treatment was significantly different (P < 0.05), and the proportion of PD < 5mm was higher in mesial sites. The null model showed that Δ PD varied greatly between groups at various levels (P <0.001), with prediction variable of site level, tooth level, and patient level accounted for 66%, 18%, and 16% of the overall difference, respectively. The complete model showed that the Δ PD of smokers was significantly lower than that of non-smokers (P < 0.001). The Δ PD of the mesial and distal sites was larger than that of the buccolingual central site (P < 0.001). The Δ PD of single-rooted teeth was larger than that of multi-rooted teeth (P < 0.001). The baseline PD, tooth mobility (TM), bleeding index (BI), clinical attachment loss (CAL) were significantly negatively correlated with Δ PD (P < 0.001). Conclusions: Patients with periodontitis from stage Ⅱ to stage Ⅳ, who are non-smoking, have good compliance, good awareness of oral health, and low percentage sites with PD ≥ 5mm at baseline, single rooted teeth with hypomobility, less clinical attachment loss and lower bleeding index and sites of mesial or distal can obtain an ideal short-term efficacy of non-surgical treatment.

"Factors Affecting Infant and Child Mortality"

1986 ◽  
Vol 17 (6) ◽  
pp. 317
Author(s):  
Arjun L. Adlakha ◽  
C. M. Suchindran
Keyword(s):  
Child Mortality ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Infant And Child Mortality

Child mortality and society in Morocco

1987 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 127-137 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Crognier
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Infant Mortality ◽  
Child Mortality ◽  
Questionnaire Data ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Health Measures ◽  
Material Environment ◽  
Wage Earners ◽  
The City ◽  
Different Parts

SummaryMultivariate (correspondence) analysis is employed to identify socioeconomic factors affecting fertility and infant mortality in Marrakesh (Morocco), using questionnaire data from some 3000 women attending 20 dispensaries in different parts of the city. Factors of the material environment (availability of water and electricity in the residence), size of household and number of wage earners in it are pervasive and suggest a polarity between archaic elements in the society (low material comfort, polygyny, absence of contraception) and the more forward looking (monogamy, tertiary occupations). Fertility and child mortality variations reflect this polarity. The differences that occur among the 20 dispensaries direct attention to the neighbourhoods where public health measures may be expected to be most effective and rewarding.

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