2A2-B04 Toward a Hovering Robot with Wings : Wing Beat Frequency and Electric Power Necessary for Float

2007 ◽  
Vol 2007 (0) ◽  
pp. _2A2-B04_1-_2A2-B04_2
Author(s):  
Koji SHIBUYA ◽  
Kei HASEGAWA ◽  
Ryu YONEDA ◽  
Yoichi SHIOMI ◽  
Tetsuya TSUJIKAMI
Keyword(s):  
Electric Power ◽  
Beat Frequency ◽  
Wing Beat ◽  
Wing Beat Frequency

Changes in the wing-beat frequency of bees and wasps depending on environmental conditions: a study with optical sensors

Apidologie ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonio R. S. Parmezan ◽  
Vinicius M. A. Souza ◽  
Indrė Žliobaitė ◽  
Gustavo E. A. P. A. Batista
Keyword(s):  
Optical Sensors ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Beat Frequency ◽  
Wing Beat ◽  
Wing Beat Frequency

scholarly journals Evolution of the wave: aerodynamic and aposematic functions of butterfly wing motion

2007 ◽  
Vol 274 (1612) ◽  
pp. 913-917 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert B Srygley
Keyword(s):  
Beat Frequency ◽  
Warning Signal ◽  
Colour Pattern ◽  
Butterfly Species ◽  
Wing Beat ◽  
Butterfly Wing ◽  
Motion Cues ◽  
Wing Beat Frequency ◽  
Wing Motion ◽  
Heliconius Cydno

Many unpalatable butterfly species use coloration to signal their distastefulness to birds, but motion cues may also be crucial to ward off predatory attacks. In previous research, captive passion-vine butterflies Heliconius mimetic in colour pattern were also mimetic in motion. Here, I investigate whether wing motion changes with the flight demands of different behaviours. If birds select for wing motion as a warning signal, aposematic butterflies should maintain wing motion independently of behavioural context. Members of one mimicry group ( Heliconius cydno and Heliconius sapho ) beat their wings more slowly and their wing strokes were more asymmetric than their sister-species ( Heliconius melpomene and Heliconius erato , respectively), which were members of another mimicry group having a quick and steady wing motion. Within mimicry groups, wing beat frequency declined as its role in generating lift also declined in different behavioural contexts. In contrast, asymmetry of the stroke was not associated with wing beat frequency or behavioural context—strong indication that birds process and store the Fourier motion energy of butterfly wings. Although direct evidence that birds respond to subtle differences in butterfly wing motion is lacking, birds appear to generalize a motion pattern as much as they encounter members of a mimicry group in different behavioural contexts.

Effects of the essential oil constituent thymol and other neuroactive chemicals on flight motor activity and wing beat frequency in the blowflyPhaenicia sericata

2010 ◽  
Vol 66 (3) ◽  
pp. 277-289 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ranil Waliwitiya ◽  
Peter Belton ◽  
Russell A Nicholson ◽  
Carl A Lowenberger
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oil ◽  
Motor Activity ◽  
Beat Frequency ◽  
Wing Beat ◽  
Wing Beat Frequency ◽  
Flight Motor

Automated electronic approaches for detecting disease vectors mosquitoes through the wing-beat frequency

2019 ◽  
Vol 217 ◽  
pp. 767-775 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diego A.A. Santos ◽  
Joel J.P.C. Rodrigues ◽  
Vasco Furtado ◽  
Kashif Saleem ◽  
Valery Korotaev
Keyword(s):  
Beat Frequency ◽  
Disease Vectors ◽  
Wing Beat ◽  
Wing Beat Frequency

scholarly journals Insect wing-beat frequency automatic extraction and experimental verification with a Ku-band insect radar system

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 (21) ◽  
pp. 7973-7976
Author(s):  
Tianran Zhang ◽  
XiangRong Liu ◽  
Cheng Hu ◽  
Rui Wang ◽  
Changjiang Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Verification ◽  
Beat Frequency ◽  
Radar System ◽  
Automatic Extraction ◽  
Wing Beat ◽  
Insect Wing ◽  
Wing Beat Frequency ◽  
Ku Band

scholarly journals Frequency of Maximal Power Output at in vivo Myofilament Lattice Spacing Matches Drosophila Wing Beat Frequency

2011 ◽  
Vol 100 (3) ◽  
pp. 12a
Author(s):  
Bertrand C.W. Tanner ◽  
Gerrie P. Farman ◽  
Thomas C. Irving ◽  
David W. Maughan ◽  
Mark S. Miller
Keyword(s):  
Power Output ◽  
Lattice Spacing ◽  
Beat Frequency ◽  
Wing Beat ◽  
Maximal Power ◽  
Maximal Power Output ◽  
Wing Beat Frequency ◽  
Drosophila Wing

scholarly journals Wing damage affects flight kinematics but not flower tracking performance in hummingbird hawkmoths

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Klara Kihlström ◽  
Brett Aiello ◽  
Eric J. Warrant ◽  
Simon Sponberg ◽  
Anna Stöckl
Keyword(s):  
Lift Force ◽  
Beat Frequency ◽  
Force Production ◽  
Insect Species ◽  
Flight Performance ◽  
Wing Beat ◽  
Wing Beat Frequency ◽  
High Acceleration ◽  
Wing Damage ◽  
The Many

The integrity of their wings is crucial to the many insect species that spend distinct portions of their life in flight. How insects cope with the consequences of wing damage is therefore a central question when studying how robust flight performance is possible with such fragile chitinous wings. It has been shown in a variety of insect species that the loss in lift-force production resulting from wing damage is generally compensated by an increase in wing beat frequency rather than amplitude. The consequences of wing damage for flight performance, however, are less well understood, and vary considerably between species and behavioural tasks. One hypothesis reconciling the varying results is that wing damage might affect fast flight manoeuvres with high acceleration, but not slower ones. To test this hypothesis, we investigated the effect of wing damage on the manoeuvrability of hummingbird hawkmoths (Macroglossum stellatarum) tracking a motorised flower. This assay allowed us to sample a range of movements at different temporal frequencies, and thus assess whether wing damage affected faster or slower flight manoeuvres. We show that hummingbird hawkmoths compensate for the loss in lift force mainly by increasing wing beat amplitude, yet with a significant contribution of wing beat frequency. We did not observe any effects of wing damage on flight manoeuvrability at either high or low temporal frequencies.

scholarly journals Characteristics of the Wing Sounds of Four Hummingbird Species that Breed in Canada

The Condor ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 107 (3) ◽  
pp. 570-582 ◽  
Author(s):  
Todd A. Hunter ◽  
Jaroslav Picman
Keyword(s):  
Beat Frequency ◽  
Interindividual Variation ◽  
Communication Studies ◽  
Wing Beat ◽  
Acoustic Characteristics ◽  
Wing Beat Frequency ◽  
Interspecific Differences ◽  
Computer Based ◽  
Technological Limitations ◽  
Outer Primary

Abstract In contrast to vocalizations, nonvocal avian sounds have received little attention as potential means of communication. The high wing-beat frequency of hummingbirds in concert with the modified flight feathers of some species, generate sounds with the potential to play a role in communication. Technological limitations of previous studies have compromised assessment of the acoustic characteristics and importance of these sounds. This study was designed to record and analyze the sex-specific wing sounds of four hummingbird species, in order to provide a framework for further communication studies. We collected digital recordings of hummingbirds during hover flight and analyzed these with computer-based sound software. Our results showed that (1) males of all four species had higher wing-beat frequencies than conspecific females; (2) there was greater intra- and interindividual variation in wing-beat frequency than previously documented; (3) though not specifically tested, the sexual dimorphism and interspecific differences in wing-beat frequency support previous findings that wing-beat frequency is inversely related to wing length; and (4) that digital sound analysis is a powerful new tool for detailed study of wing sounds. We provide the first description of a characteristic behavior, which we have called the ‘Cobra’, in which an individual dramatically increases its wing-beat frequency. Finally, we have significantly expanded understanding of the wing trill sound produced by the modified outer primary feathers, and have shown that female Black-chinned Hummingbirds (Archilochus alexandri) also produce wing trill components despite previous beliefs that these were unique to male hummingbirds. Características de los Sonidos de las Alas de Cuatro Especies de Picaflores que Crían en Canadá Resumen. A diferencia de las vocalizaciones, los sonidos no-vocales de las aves han recibido poca atención como medios potenciales de comunicación. Las altas frecuencias de aleteo de los picaflores, en conjunto con las plumas modificadas para el vuelo de algunas especies, generan sonidos que tienen el potencial de jugar un rol en la comunicación. Las limitaciones tecnológicas de los estudios previos han dificultado la evaluación de las características acústicas y de la importancia de estos sonidos. Este estudio fue diseñado para grabar y analizar los sonidos de las alas específicos de cada sexo en cuatro especies de picaflores con el objetivo de sentar las bases para futuros estudios de comunicación. Colectamos grabaciones digitales de picaflores durante el vuelo suspendido y las analizamos en computadoras con programas de sonido. Nuestros resultados mostraron que: (1) los machos de las cuatro especies tuvieron frecuencias de aleteo más altas que las hembras coespecíficas; (2) existió variación intra- e inter-individual en la frecuencia de aleteo mayor que la documentada previamente; (3) aunque no fue evaluado específicamente, el dimorfismo sexual y las diferencias inter-específicas en la frecuencia de aleteo apoyan hallazgos anteriores que relacionan inversamente la frecuencia de aleteo con la longitud de las alas; y (4) que el análisis digital de los sonidos es una nueva herramienta de gran utilidad para el estudio detallado de los sonidos de las alas. También brindamos la primera descripción de un comportamiento característico que nosotros llamamos ‘Cobra’, en el cual un individuo aumenta dramáticamente la frecuencia de aleteo. Finalmente, hemos incrementado de modo significativo el conocimiento del sonido producido por las plumas primarias externas modificadas y hemos mostrado que las hembras de Archilochus alexandri también producen sonidos con las alas, a pesar de que anteriormente se creía que éstos eran exclusivos de los picaflores machos.

Respiratory Exchange and Evaporative Water Loss in the Flying Budgerigar

1968 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-87 ◽  
Author(s):  
VANCE A. TUCKER
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Respiratory Rate ◽  
Water Loss ◽  
Beat Frequency ◽  
Evaporative Water Loss ◽  
Wing Beat ◽  
Evaporative Water ◽  
Wing Beat Frequency ◽  
Level Flight

1. Oxygen consumption of 2 budgerigars (Melopsittacus undulatus) was measured during level, ascending and descending nights lasting 5-20 min. in a wind-tunnel at speeds between 19 and 48 km./hr. In level flight oxygen consumption was lowest at 35 km./hr. with a mean value of 21.9 ml. (g. hr.)-1 or 12.8 times the standard value calculated for these birds (weight = 35 g.). At a given speed oxygen consumption was highest for ascending flight and lowest for descending flight. 2. Carbon dioxide production was measured on one bird flying level at 35 km./hr.for 20 min. The ratio of carbon dioxide production to oxygen consumption was 0.780, indicating that the bird was oxidizing primarily fat. 3. The efficiencies of level, ascending and descending flight are discussed. The measurements indicate that for the budgerigar 42 km./hr. is the most economical speed for covering distance, and below 27 km./hr. undulating flight is more economical than flight at a constant altitude. 4. Evaporative water loss in level flight was measured in two birds for 20 min. at 35 km./hr. at temperatures of 18-200 and 29-31° C. At 36-37° C. the birds became overheated and would not fly for as long as 20 min. Evaporative water loss at 18-20° C. was 20.4 mg. (g. hr.)-1. It increased to 63.9 mg. (g. hr.)-1 at 36-37° C. After accounting for metabolic water production and faecal water loss, budgerigars flying at 18-20°C. had a net water loss of 11 mg. (g. hr.)-1. At this temperature 15% of the estimated heat production in flight was lost by evaporation of water, while 47% was lost by evaporation of water at 36-37°C. 5. Lung ventilation, tidal volume and partial pressure of carbon dioxide in expired air were estimated for flying budgerigars from evaporative water-loss data. In level flight at 18-20° C and 35 km./hr. these quantities had values of 398 ml. (g. hr.)-1, 0.033 ml. (g- breath)-1 and 37 mm. Hg. respectively. 6. Respiratory rate in level flight was measured in 2 birds at speeds between 19 and 48 km./hr. Respiratory rate depended on speed and was lowest at 35 km./hr. Since wing-beat frequency was constant at 840 beats/min. at all speeds, respiratory rate and wing-beat frequency were not synchronized. Published data and analysis of dimensional relations of birds suggest that in birds the size of a budgerigar or smaller a respiratory rate equal to the wing-beat frequency would be too high for efficient ventilation of the lungs. Birds the size of a pigeon or larger probably have synchronous wing beats and respirations.

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