Simulated Water Use and Growth of New Guinea Impatiens (Impatiens X hb.) in Single Pots Using Root Zone Heating

1993 ◽  
Vol 36 (6) ◽  
pp. 1887-1893
Author(s):  
G. E. Meyer ◽  
G. Ridder ◽  
J. B. Fitzgerald ◽  
D. D. Schulte
Keyword(s):  
Water Use ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
New Guinea ◽  
New Guinea Impatiens

scholarly journals Effects of a Nonionic Surfactant on Growth, Photosynthesis, and Transpiration of New Guinea Impatiens in the Greenhouse1

2018 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 73-81
Author(s):  
Jeff L. Sibley ◽  
Xiaomei Yang ◽  
Wenliang Lu ◽  
D. Joseph Eakes ◽  
Charles H. Gilliam ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stomatal Conductance ◽  
Water Use Efficiency ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Deficit Irrigation ◽  
New Guinea ◽  
Tween 20 ◽  
Irrigation Level ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Irrigation Levels ◽  
New Guinea Impatiens

Abstract Production of quality greenhouse and nursery crops is dependent on high quality and quantities of water. At present, in some regions, insufficient water supply is a growing concern. This study was conducted to evaluate growth of New Guinea impatiens (Impatiens hawkerii 'Celebrate Salmon'), when watered with a polyoxyethylenesorbitan monolaurate (C58H114O26) solution commercially known as Tween 20, at differing irrigation levels compared with a conventional water regimen without the surfactant, and also to determine how Tween 20 would affect photosynthesis and transpiration. The treatment design was a 3 by 6 complete factorial design plus a control. The two factors were irrigation and Tween 20. Irrigation levels of 20%, 40%, or 60% of the full crop evapotranspiration (ET) requirements were used in combination with Tween 20 concentrations of either 0, 25, 50, 75, 100, or 125 mg·L−1 (0, 0.003338, 0.00668, 0.0100145, 0.01335, or 0.01669 oz per gallon). The control group was watered with tap water to container capacity with about 30% leachate. Evapotranspiration was determined as the difference of the applied water amount minus the leachate of the control. Plants irrigated with Tween 20 from 25 to 125 mg·L−1 (0.003338 to 0.01669 oz per gallon) at the 40% or 60% irrigation level had the same height and growth index as plants in the control after three months of growth. Plant fresh and dry weights were not different between the control and the treatments of Tween 20 from 50 to 125 mg·L−1 (0.00668 to 0.01669 oz per gallon) at the 60% irrigation level or the treatment of Tween 20 at 100 mg·L−1 (0.01335 oz per gallon) at the 40% irrigation level. Tween 20 had no effect on net photosynthetic rate. Tween 20 decreased the amount of transpired water of New Guinea impatiens 'Celebrate Salmon'. When the Tween 20 concentration increased from 0 to 100 mg·L−1 (0 to 0.01335 oz per gallon) at the 60% irrigation level, the transpiration rate and stomatal conductance decreased markedly by 43% and 47%, respectively, and water use efficiency was increased by 47%. Results from this study suggest that Tween 20 is able to increase plant water use efficiency through regulation of stomatal conductance or transpiration under deficit irrigation. Index words: irrigation management, chemigation, source-sink physiology, deficit irrigation, wetting agent, Tween 20, adjuvant. Species used in this study: New Guinea Impatiens (Impatiens hawkerii W. Bull. 'Celebrate Salmon'). Chemicals used in this study: Tween 20 (polyoxyethylenesorbitan monolaurate). (aka: polysorbate 20, polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monolaurate)

scholarly journals Effects of Fertilizer Concentration and Minimum-leach Drip Irrigation on the Growth of New Guinea Impatiens

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 683-688 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harvey J. Lang ◽  
Timothy R. Pannkuk
Keyword(s):  
Drip Irrigation ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Irrigation System ◽  
Irrigation Treatment ◽  
Growth Index ◽  
New Guinea ◽  
Maximum Growth ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Leaching Fraction ◽  
New Guinea Impatiens

New Guinea impatiens `Barbados' (Impatiens ×hawkeri) were fertilized with solutions containing N at 6, 12, or 18 mmol·L-1 delivered from a drip irrigation system with either minimum leaching or standard leaching (0.3 to 0.4 leaching fraction). Irrigation was monitored and controlled by computers using microtensiometers placed in representative pots of each treatment. In two separate experiments, growth index, fresh mass, and dry mass were dependent upon both fertilizer concentration and irrigation treatment. Maximum growth overall was achieved at 12 mmol·L-1 N regardless of irrigation treatment; however, standard-leached plants receiving N at both 6 and 18 mmol·L-1 produced larger plants than did similarly fertilized minimum-leached plants. Leaf scorch, spotting, or marginal necrosis did not occur in any of the treatments. Leaf N, P, and K concentrations were highest in plants treated with N at 18 mmol·L-1, but Ca, Mg, and several micronutrients were highest in plants at 6 mmol·L-1 N. At the end of the cropping period for both experiments, growing medium electrical conductivity (EC) in the uppermost one-third layer of the pot was two to four times as high as that in the bottom two-thirds (root zone) layer. Root-zone EC ranged from 0.6 to 4.0 dS·m-1 and increased as fertilizer concentration increased. Standard leaching had little effect in reducing root-zone EC except in plants fertilized with N at 18 mmol·L-1. All plants continued to perform well and flower after 4 weeks in a simulated interior environment. Minimum-leach drip irrigation used ≈35% less solution than did standard irrigation with leaching, and eliminated N runoff.

scholarly journals Characterizing Salinity Limits of New Guinea Impatiens in Recirculating Subirrigation

1998 ◽  
Vol 123 (1) ◽  
pp. 156-160 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nancy Morgan Todd ◽  
David Wm. Reed
Keyword(s):  
Root Zone ◽  
New Guinea ◽  
Middle Layer ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Salinity Treatment ◽  
Root Mass ◽  
Growing Medium ◽  
Leaching Fraction ◽  
Impatiens Hawkeri ◽  
New Guinea Impatiens

New Guinea impatiens (Impatiens hawkeri Bull.) were grown in a recirculating ebb-and-flow subirrigation system under increasing levels of salinity stress from a mixture of NaCl and CaCl2 (1:1 equivalent ratio, 2:1 molar ratio) and recommended production levels of other nutrients. Growth and quality decreased as salinity level increased, with a 75% to 80% growth reduction at 18 mol·m-3 NaCl-CaCl2 compared to controls. Among controls, root mass distribution was 10%, 50%, and 40% in the top, middle, and bottom layers of the root zone, respectively. In the highest salinity treatment (18 mol·m-3 NaCl-CaCl2), most of the root mass was in the middle layer (80%), while the root mass in the top and bottom layers was reduced to 5% and 15%, respectively. The electrical conductivity (EC) of the growing medium was high in the top layer in all treatments, but only exceeded maximum recommended levels in the middle and bottom layers in the 4·mol·m-3 or higher treatments. Initial postproduction leaching caused the salts in the top layer to migrate to the middle and bottom layers, which in some experiments induced a rapid and transient wilting. Up to six leaching and drying cycles of a 0.20 leaching fraction were required to reduce EC in all layers to recommended levels. Overall, salable plants of good quality and size were produced with up to 2 mol·m-3 (total 152 mg·L-1) NaCl-CaCl2 in the recirculated nutrient solution.

scholarly journals The Effects of Root Zone Temperature and Limestone on pH and Electrical Conductivity on New Guinea Impatiens `Celebration Orange'

HortScience ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 1125A-1125
Author(s):  
Melanie L. Welles ◽  
David E. Hartley ◽  
Steven E. Newman
Keyword(s):  
Root Zone ◽  
New Guinea ◽  
Peat Moss ◽  
Medium Ph ◽  
Root Zone Temperature ◽  
Sphagnum Peat Moss ◽  
Greenhouse Growers ◽  
Lower Temperature ◽  
New Guinea Impatiens ◽  
Zone Temperature

The purpose of this experiment was to examine the effects of various root-zone temperatures and pH on Impatiens ×hybrida, New Guinea impatiens `Celebration Orange.' Greenhouse growers need to be cognizant of the root-zone medium pH, as New Guinea impatiens are sensitive to nutrient toxicities at low pH. It is thought that limestone at low root-zone medium temperatures is not quickly activated, leading to toxicities. The objectives of this project were to determine: the effect of root-zone medium pH on foliar symptoms of iron and manganese toxicity; and the effective rates and grind size of limestone on root-zone medium pH. Various rates of limestone and different grind sizes were incorporated into a sphagnum peat moss-based medium at a range of temperatures. This experiment used a two-way thermogradient plate to maintain varying, but stable root-zone medium temperatures, ranging from 12 to 42 °C. Plant growth as well as root-zone medium pH was monitored. Changes in root-zone medium pH were monitored over time. Results indicated that the addition of moderate or high rates of limestone, 6 or 3 kg·m-3, provided stable root-zone media pH over the course of time. Both limestone grind sizes at 325 and 100–200 mesh provided satisfactory starting and ending pH values for healthy New Guinea impatiens growth, especially between the root-zone temperatures of 30 and 18 °C. Higher and lower temperature extremes inhibited root growth, resulting in lower quality plants.

scholarly journals 101 EVALUATION OF PLANT WATER USE AND CROP TEMPERATURE OF NEW GUINEA IMPATIENS (IMPATIENS X HB.) UNDER INFRARED HEATING

HortScience ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 29 (5) ◽  
pp. 442f-442
Author(s):  
Abdulelah Al-Faraj ◽  
George Meyer ◽  
Jay B. Fitzgerald
Keyword(s):  
Water Use ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Plant Protection ◽  
New Guinea ◽  
Infrared Heating ◽  
Temperature Control System ◽  
Plant Water ◽  
Temperature Deviation ◽  
Plant Water Use ◽  
New Guinea Impatiens

A plant-based temperature control system for infrared heating to maintain the plant canopy at a desired temperature was evaluated under growth chamber conditions with possible projections to greenhouse environment. Benefits for using this system includes energy saving and plant protection. Infrared radiant heaters raised canopy temperatures to the optimum range which increased water use of New Guinea Impatiens over the same kind of plants grown with no radiant heat. Plant water use was 118% higher at an 18°C air temperature vs. 8°C air temperature and 33% higher at 24°C air temperature vs. 18°C air temperature. The degree of increase in plant water use was proportional to decrease (leaf air) temperature. The Penman-Monteith equation gave satisfactory results when the differential between leaf and air temperature was very low. At high (leaf-air) temperature deviation, the latent heat equation used to estimate stomatal resistance gave higher values for heated plants.

scholarly journals High-Resolution Spatiotemporal Water Use Mapping of Surface and Direct-Root-Zone Drip-Irrigated Grapevines Using UAS-Based Thermal and Multispectral Remote Sensing

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 954
Author(s):  
Abhilash K. Chandel ◽  
Lav R. Khot ◽  
Behnaz Molaei ◽  
R. Troy Peters ◽  
Claudio O. Stöckle ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Lateral Roots ◽  
Irrigation Treatment ◽  
Crop Coefficient ◽  
Spatiotemporal Resolution ◽  
Site Specific ◽  
Canopy Transpiration ◽  
Irrigation Treatments

Site-specific irrigation management for perennial crops such as grape requires water use assessments at high spatiotemporal resolution. In this study, small unmanned-aerial-system (UAS)-based imaging was used with a modified mapping evapotranspiration at high resolution with internalized calibration (METRIC) energy balance model to map water use (UASM-ET approach) of a commercial, surface, and direct-root-zone (DRZ) drip-irrigated vineyard. Four irrigation treatments, 100%, 80%, 60%, and 40%, of commercial rate (CR) were also applied, with the CR estimated using soil moisture data and a non-stressed average crop coefficient of 0.5. Fourteen campaigns were conducted in the 2018 and 2019 seasons to collect multispectral (ground sampling distance (GSD): 7 cm/pixel) and thermal imaging (GSD: 13 cm/pixel) data. Six of those campaigns were near Landsat 7/8 satellite overpass of the field site. Weather inputs were obtained from a nearby WSU-AgWeatherNet station (1 km). First, UASM-ET estimates were compared to those derived from soil water balance (SWB) and conventional Landsat-METRIC (LM) approaches. Overall, UASM-ET (2.70 ± 1.03 mm day−1 [mean ± std. dev.]) was higher than SWB-ET (1.80 ± 0.98 mm day−1). However, both estimates had a significant linear correlation (r = 0.64–0.81, p < 0.01). For the days of satellite overpass, UASM-ET was statistically similar to LM-ET, with mean absolute normalized ET departures (ETd,MAN) of 4.30% and a mean r of 0.83 (p < 0.01). The study also extracted spatial canopy transpiration (UASM-T) maps by segmenting the soil background from the UASM-ET, which had strong correlation with the estimates derived by the standard basal crop coefficient approach (Td,MAN = 14%, r = 0.95, p < 0.01). The UASM-T maps were then used to quantify water use differences in the DRZ-irrigated grapevines. Canopy transpiration (T) was statistically significant among the irrigation treatments and was highest for grapevines irrigated at 100% or 80% of the CR, followed by 60% and 40% of the CR (p < 0.01). Reference T fraction (TrF) curves established from the UASM-T maps showed a notable effect of irrigation treatment rates. The total water use of grapevines estimated using interpolated TrF curves was highest for treatments of 100% (425 and 320 mm for the 2018 and 2019 seasons, respectively), followed by 80% (420 and 317 mm), 60% (391 and 318 mm), and 40% (370 and 304 mm) of the CR. Such estimates were within 5% to 11% of the SWB-based water use calculations. The UASM-T-estimated water use was not the same as the actual amount of water applied in the two seasons, probably because DRZ-irrigated vines might have developed deeper or lateral roots to fulfill water requirements outside the irrigated soil volume. Overall, results highlight the usefulness of high-resolution imagery toward site-specific water use management of grapevines.

Water use efficiency and fruit quality of table grape under alternate partial root-zone drip irrigation

2008 ◽  
Vol 95 (6) ◽  
pp. 659-668 ◽  
Author(s):  
Taisheng Du ◽  
Shaozhong Kang ◽  
Jianhua Zhang ◽  
Fusheng Li ◽  
Boyuan Yan
Keyword(s):  
Water Use Efficiency ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Fruit Quality ◽  
Drip Irrigation ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Table Grape ◽  
Use Efficiency

scholarly journals Identifying the Optimal Application Rate of Three Fertilizers Used to Grow New Guinea Impatiens

2016 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
pp. 118-122
Author(s):  
A.K. Ostrom ◽  
C.C. Pasian
Keyword(s):  
Controlled Release ◽  
Consumer Preferences ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Consumer Preference ◽  
New Guinea ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Plant Weight ◽  
Preference Ratings ◽  
New Guinea Impatiens

This manuscript describes the effect of controlled-release, and water-soluble fertilizers on the growth and quality of New Guinea impatiens (NGI) (Impatiens hawkeri Bull.). Three different fertilizers were applied at three rates each in order to investigate their effect on growth and quality of ‘Paradise New Red.’ NGI. Fertilizer treatments included 1) a 20-4.4-16.6 water-soluble fertilizer (WSF), 2) a 10-1.8-2.5 soybean-based fertilizer (SBF), and 3) a 15-4-10, three-to four-month longevity controlled-release fertilizer (CRF). CRF was applied as a pre-plant at 1×, 0.75×, and 0.5× the label rate. WSF and SBF fertigation rates of 75, 150, and 250 mg·L−1 N (75, 150, and 250 ppm N), respectively, were used based on a common range of fertigation rates in a greenhouse setting from what is considered relatively low, moderate, and high for NGI production. Plants were irrigated or fertigated by hand every 1 to 5 days as needed, based on environmental conditions and plant size, with either approximately 300 mL (10.4 oz) of either tap water or a fertilizer solution. SPAD readings, above ground plant weight, consumer preference ratings, and cumulative flower number were measured and used to calculate a quality index (QI). Optimal fertilizer rates as determined by the QI were found to be 1) CRF at 7.11 kg·m−3 (11.8 lb·yd−3), 2) SBF at 150 mg·L−1 (150 ppm) N, and 3) WSF at 75 mg·L−1 (75 ppm) N. With the application method used in this work, the WSF was more efficient than the SBF because it produced high quality plants with less fertilizer applied. While for the most part overall consumer preference ratings coincided with plant dry weight, there were some exceptions, indicating that consumers can prefer plants that are not necessary the largest as indicated by their dry weights. Consumer preferences may not coincide with typical plant parameters of plant growth all the time. Consumer preferences should be always considered in an industry that sell its products based mainly on their appearance.

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