“Flexible Means” Employed by the Autocracy in Respect of the People’s Liberation Struggle of the Peoples of the Caucasus in the 1st Half of the 19th Century

2015 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 16-23
Author(s):  
Razhabat M. Gichibekova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
The Caucasus ◽  
Liberation Struggle ◽  
The 19Th Century

The “Entente cordiale” and the rivalry of Great Britain and France in North Africa in 1830s–1840s. The example of Morocco

2021 ◽  
pp. 71
Author(s):  
Natalia Zherlitsina
Keyword(s):  
Great Britain ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
North Africa ◽  
Open Phase ◽  
Liberation Struggle ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Peace In Europe ◽  
Independent Country ◽  
Dominant Influence

The article examines the relationship between the two leading powers of the 19th century, Great Britain and France, against the background of colonial rivalry in North Africa. Analyzing relevant English, French, and Moroccan diplomatic documents, the author concludes that the issue of establishing a dominant influence in Morocco was one of the main issues in the relations between Great Britain and France in 1830–1840. The French takeover of Algeria disrupted the regional and European balance of influence and gave a conflicting character to the relations between the competing powers. The “Entente Cordiale” (“Cordial Accord”), designed to contribute to the preservation of peace in Europe, acted as a deterrent that did not allow Great Britain and France to move to an open phase of confrontation in the Maghreb. The sharp phase of the rivalry between the two powers in Morocco occurred in 1837–1844 and was associated with the name of the hero of the liberation struggle of Algeria from the French invaders, Emir Abd al-Qadir. The Franco-Moroccan War of 1844 ended with the defeat of Morocco, facing the threat of French occupation. Due to the pressure from British diplomacy, the Franco-Moroccan treaty was concluded, and the sultanate existed as an independent country for about sixty years, although in fact the European powers did not stop systematically undermining the country's sovereignty.

Jeremiah Curtin (1835–1906)

1975 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 157-174
Author(s):  
D. L. Olmsted
Keyword(s):  
Eastern Europe ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Nobel Prize ◽  
Leaving Home ◽  
The Caucasus ◽  
Field Worker ◽  
Field Workers ◽  
The 19Th Century

Summary Jeremiah Curtin (1835–1906) was one of the outstanding linguistic field-workers of the 19th century, though much of his material remains in manuscript form. His scholarly reputation rests primarily on his activity as folklorist and translator of the works of Henryk Sienkiewicz (1846–1916), the Nobel Prize-winning novelist. Curtin was born in Detroit and brought up in the wilds of Wisconsin, where his parents, immigrants from Ireland, made a farm. Leaving home at 21, he worked his way through Harvard, learning new languages at every opportunity. After a brief period as a junior diplomat in St Petersburg, he worked as a journalist and eventually joined the Bureau of American Ethnology as a field worker. His assignments took him to the Seneca, to various tribes in Oklahoma and to California and Oregon, where he gathered folktales, myths, and other linguistics materials from many languages of aboriginal America. Returning to Europe on numerous occasions, Curtin gathered and published folklore from Eastern Europe and Ireland; in addition, he continued his studies of the languages of the Caucasus, of India and Persia. Work in Siberia resulted in two volumes about the Mongols. Throughout much of the latter part of his life he continued his translations from the Russian and Polish.

scholarly journals A HISTORICAL GEOGRAPHY OF JEWISH SETLLEMENT IN GEORGIA (THE CAUCASUS)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Revaz Gachechiladze
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Jewish Population ◽  
Historical Geography ◽  
Settlement Pattern ◽  
Local People ◽  
Population Census ◽  
Peaceful Coexistence ◽  
The Caucasus ◽  
The 19Th Century

The presence of the Jewish population in Georgia and its peaceful coexistence with the local people has more than two millennia history. More or less systemic sources about the spatial aspects of their presence in Georgia exist only from the second half of the 19th century. The paper discusses the historical geography of the Jewish population in the 19th-20th century with the emphasis on their settlement pattern in the 1920s using for that purpose a detailed Population Census carried out in 1926.

scholarly journals Western Travellers in the Caucasus. Georgia’s Highways and Byways: Hotels, Inns & Taverns in the 19th Century

2021 ◽  
Vol 51 (2) ◽  
pp. 35-62
Author(s):  
Nina Taylor-Terlecka
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Practical Experience ◽  
Source Material ◽  
Russian Language ◽  
The Caucasus ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Everyday ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Travel Accounts

Drawing on a wide range of French, English and Russian-language printed source material, the paper deals with the travel accounts of Western visitors to Georgia and the Caucasus in the nineteenth century. Focusing on the everyday practical experience of travel, it outlines the birth of the hotel trade in Tbilisi. After c. 1850, with the building of a railroad, “civilizational” standards began to improve, and over the years Tbilisi hotels were described as being as “good as any European establishment”.Under the heading of provincial travel, the paper addresses the issue of general supplies, provisions and self-catering, modes of transportation, the state of the roads, and the network of postal-stations, whose erratic services were supplemented by the omnipresent, albeit highly unreliable, wayside inn or dukhan. Coming to the Caucasus and Georgia on specific assignments (diplomatic, political, military, commercial, or scholarly) the authors of travelogues bring their prior expectations, nurtured by ancient myths, ancient literature, and a study of earlier travel accounts, with which they engage in textual dialogue. In their sundry reflections and musings they seldom fail to enthuse on the tourist potential of Georgia in particular, and the Caucasus more generally. 

scholarly journals A HISTORICAL GEOGRAPHY OF JEWISH SETLLEMENT IN GEORGIA (THE CAUCASUS)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Revaz Gachechiladze
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Jewish Population ◽  
Historical Geography ◽  
Settlement Pattern ◽  
Local People ◽  
Population Census ◽  
Peaceful Coexistence ◽  
The Caucasus ◽  
The 19Th Century

The presence of the Jewish population in Georgia and its peaceful coexistence with the local people has more than two millennia history. More or less systemic sources about the spatial aspects of their presence in Georgia exist only from the second half of the 19th century. The paper discusses the historical geography of the Jewish population in the 19th-20th century with the emphasis on their settlement pattern in the 1920s using for that purpose a detailed Population Census carried out in 1926.

scholarly journals For Beauty, Nation and God

Venezia Arti ◽  
2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alžběta Filipová
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Cultural Heritage ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
The Caucasus ◽  
Art Collectors ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
Systematic Exploration ◽  
New Generation ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Ancient Remains

The following paper traces the origins and increased interest in the cultural heritage of Georgia on behalf of the local intelligentsia in the 19th century. After describing the circumstances that may have led the new generation of Georgian scholars to a systematic exploration of ancient remains in the Caucasus and medieval ecclesiastical monuments and treasuries, the paper will focus on the main archaeologists of Christian antiquity in Georgia, Dimitri Bakradze and Ekvtime Taqaishvili. Finally, the study outlines the creation of what has been called the Georgian National Treasure. The treasure items, collected from monasteries and settlements all over Georgia and protected from robberies and impetuous art collectors, were sent into exile in 1921, shortly before the short-lived Georgian Democratic Republic’s annexation to the Soviet Union. The thirty-nine boxes, containing manuscripts, icons, precious liturgical vessels and other priceless items, were sent from Batumi to Marseille, via Istanbul, and stored in France until 1945, when Ekvtime Taqaishvili, who had taken care of and protected them over those 24 years, accompanied them back to Tbilisi.

scholarly journals Protection of State Border in Caucasus at End of 19th Century: Karsk Border Brigade

2021 ◽  
pp. 413-426
Author(s):  
K, A. Pavlov ◽  
O. B. Klochkov
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
The State ◽  
Economic Interests ◽  
The Caucasus ◽  
Political Situation ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Military Units

The process of formation and development of the protection of the state border in the Caucasus at the end of the 19th century (using the example of the Karsk border brigade) is analyzed in the article. The relevance of the study is due to the fact that in historical research insufficient attention is paid to the protection of the state border in the Caucasus by border guard units at the end of the 19th century. It is shown that under the conditions of the introduction of protective customs duties, as a result of which smuggling activities began to develop actively, without specialized units, the Russian Empire was unable to protect its economic interests in the border space in the Caucasus. It is noted that the development of the state border guard system was carried out in a tense, unstable military-political situation, accompanied by constant armed clashes with bandit formations. It is indicated that in these conditions, the protection of the state border was carried out by the border guards together with military units, which in turn negatively affected the quality of the protection of the economic interests of the Russian Empire in the region. It is concluded that the development of the system for protecting the state border in the Caucasus was a consequence of the existing threats to national security in the region.

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