The Nature of Data

2021 ◽  
pp. 23-30
Author(s):  
Rob Kitchin
Keyword(s):  
Natural Philosophy ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Computational Science ◽  
Experimental Science ◽  
Technical Point ◽  
Scientific Innovation ◽  
The World ◽  
Theoretical Science ◽  
Term Data ◽  
Over Time

This chapter examines the nature of data from an etymological, philosophical, and technical point of view. Data is derived from the Latin dare, meaning 'to give'. In general use, however, data refers to those elements that are taken. Technically, what is understood to be data are actually capta (derived from the Latin capere, meaning 'to take'); those units of data that have been selected and harvested from the sum of all potential data. It is no coincidence that the use of the word 'data' emerged during the Renaissance. At this time, there was a flourishing of scientific innovation with respect to philosophy, equipment, and analysis that led to new discoveries and theories across the academy and new inventions in business, and transformed the world. In the 18th and 19th centuries, the use of the term 'data' extended from mathematics and natural philosophy to economics and administration. In the 20th century, data came to mean any information stored and used in the context of computing, and its uses multiplied beyond science and administration. The chapter then looks at four dominant scientific paradigms centred on epistemological approaches: experimental science, theoretical science, computational science, and exploratory science. What this discussion reveals is that not only is data manufactured, but the approach to and process of manufacturing has changed over time.

scholarly journals Psychology in an Indeterminate World

2021 ◽  
pp. 174569162095800
Author(s):  
Ludger van Dijk
Keyword(s):  
Human Activity ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Ecological Perspective ◽  
Ecological Approach ◽  
Material World ◽  
Psychological Science ◽  
Nonhuman Animals ◽  
The World ◽  
Indeterminate World ◽  
Over Time

By sharing their world, humans and other animals sustain each other. Their world gets determined over time as generations of animals act in it. Current approaches to psychological science, by contrast, start from the assumption that the world is already determined before an animal’s activity. These approaches seem more concerned with uncertainty about the world than with the practical indeterminacies of the world humans and nonhuman animals experience. As human activity is making life increasingly hard for other animals, this preoccupation becomes difficult to accept. This article introduces an ecological approach to psychology to develop a view that centralizes the indeterminacies of a shared world. Specifically, it develops an open-ended notion of “affordances,” the possibilities for action offered by the environment. Affordances are processes in which (a) the material world invites individual animals to participate, while (b) participation concurrently continues the material world in a particular way. From this point of view, species codetermine the world together. Several empirical and methodological implications of this view on affordances are explored. The article ends with an explanation of how an ecological perspective brings responsibility for the shared world to the heart of psychological science.

scholarly journals Female Roles in La Cinta Dorada by María Manuela Reina and Models of the World

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana María Aguilar López ◽  
Marta Miguel Borge
Keyword(s):  
Internal Model ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Past ◽  
Male Characters ◽  
The World ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Psychological Balance ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Female Drama

Our model of the world that we perceive within ourselves, our conscience, in short, our psychological balance is influenced by our surroundings. Part of the input to which we are exposed in this immediate environment is related to texts, self-managed discourse, which can also influence our internal model of the world; hence they are deserving of our attention. In the same way as the models of the world that we construct throughout our lives, reality is not static and also changes as time goes by. From a social point of view, we can see that the roles of women in modern-day society and the ways that those roles can be perceived today are a consequence of changes initiated in the past within different areas and in a prolonged process over time up until our day. With the aim of evaluating whether female drama has contributed to that change, we present an analysis in this paper of the play La Cinta Dorada [The Golden Ribbon] by María Manuela Reina, written and set in the 1980s, a decade that for Spain implied a more obvious abandonment of the most traditional conceptions of the role of women. In the analysis of the play, we see how the models of the world of the older people are counterposed with those of the younger people, a generational divide that is enriched with the gender difference, as we also analyze how the psychological structures of the female and male characters confront the clichés pertaining to another era in reference to such topics as success, infidelity, matrimony, and gender. The results of our analysis demonstrate how Reina responds to archaic conceptions, thereby inciting the audiences of the day to question their respective models of the world, especially, with regard to the role of the woman in society. 

scholarly journals On certain properties of the alloys of the gold-copper series

1901 ◽  
Vol 67 (435-441) ◽  
pp. 105-112 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Point Of View ◽  
The Other ◽  
Technical Point ◽  
Physical Constants ◽  
Systematic Examination ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The World ◽  
Molecular Constitution

Notwithstanding the extraordinary importance from a technical point of view of the members of this series, which constitute the gold coinages of the world, singularly little is known respecting either their molecular constitution or even their physical constants. Both the authors of this paper possess unusual facilities for studying them, and they felt that time should not be lost in beginning a systematic examination of the series. The other alloys used for coinage have, on the other hand, not been so neglected.

scholarly journals Applications of Lignocellulosic Fibers and Lignin in Bioplastics: A Review

Polymers ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 751 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jianlei Yang ◽  
Yern Ching ◽  
Cheng Chuah
Keyword(s):  
Point Of View ◽  
Energy Utilization ◽  
Technical Point ◽  
Synthetic Fibers ◽  
Cellulose Modification ◽  
Fiber Properties ◽  
Lignocellulosic Fibers ◽  
Lignocellulosic Fiber ◽  
The World ◽  
Fiber Matrix

Lignocellulosic fibers and lignin are two of the most important natural bioresources in the world. They show tremendous potential to decrease energy utilization/pollution and improve biodegradability by replacing synthetic fibers in bioplastics. The compatibility between the fiber-matrix plays an important part in the properties of the bioplastics. The improvement of lignocellulosic fiber properties by most surface treatments generally removes lignin. Due to the environmental pollution and high cost of cellulose modification, focus has been directed toward the use of lignocellulosic fibers in bioplastics. In addition, lignin-reinforced bioplastics are fabricated with varying success. These applications confirm there is no need to remove lignin from lignocellulosic fibers when preparing the bioplastics from a technical point of view. In this review, characterizations of lignocellulosic fibers and lignin related to their applications in bioplastics are covered. Then, we generalize the developments and problems of lignin-reinforced bioplastics and modification of lignin to improve the interaction of lignin-matrix. As for lignocellulosic fiber-reinforced bioplastics, we place importance on the low compatibility of the lignocellulosic fiber–matrix. The applications of lignin-containing cellulose and lignocellulosic fibers without delignification in the bioplastics are reviewed. A comparison between lignocellulosic fibers and lignin in the bioplastics is given.

scholarly journals LOOKING FOR RICHARD III IN ROMANTIC TIMES: THOMAS BRIDGMAN'S AND WILLIAM CHARLES MACREADY'S ABORTIVE STAGE ADAPTATIONS

2011 ◽  
Vol 52 (2) ◽  
pp. 275-300 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicoletta Caputo
Keyword(s):  
Infinite Number ◽  
Ben Jonson ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Cultural Appropriation ◽  
Original Play ◽  
Richard Iii ◽  
The World ◽  
First Folio ◽  
New Generation ◽  
Over Time

In his commendatory poem from the First Folio, Ben Jonson asserted that Shakespeare “was not of an age, but for all time.” This has proved true, and Shakespeare has been able to speak to many succeeding generations of readers and theatregoers. This, however, is not because essential, unchangeable, and universal truths about human nature, the world, and experience lay hidden in his plays or his characters but (quite the opposite) because succeeding generations, over the centuries, have been able to appropriate, exploit, and reuse Shakespeare to make sense of their world and their lives. Shakespeare is for all time precisely because he has relentlessly changed over time. The author and his texts have been unceasingly reinvented, and a virtually infinite number of “alternative Shakespeares” has come to embody specific contemporary issues and conflicts. As Jean Marsden put it in 1991, Shakespeare is the object of “an ongoing process of literary and cultural appropriation in which each new generation attempts to redefine Shakespeare's genius in contemporary terms, projecting its desires and anxieties onto his work.” This is true for both the “dramatic” Shakespeare and the “theatrical” Shakespeare: Shakespeare's plays have been as tirelessly reinterpreted on the page by scholars (and others) as they have been reinvented on the stage by actors and directors. The fate of King Richard III, however, is peculiar from this point of view, insofar as an often-denigrated Restoration revision of Shakespeare's play totally replaced the “original” one in the theatre and held the stage for nearly 200 years. This peculiarity acquires interesting overtones when we look at the treatment the staged play received at the hands of the Romantics, who, in spite of the bardolatry prevailing at the time and their often-vented disesteem for the adapted version, apparently missed their opportunity to make Shakespeare's original play speak for their own time.

The Twenty-Fourth Year of The World Court

1946 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-52 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manley O. Hudson
Keyword(s):  
Point Of View ◽  
International Justice ◽  
International Court Of Justice ◽  
Technical Point ◽  
Practical Point ◽  
New Name ◽  
Court Of Justice ◽  
International Court ◽  
Administration Of Justice ◽  
The World

The most significant event in the field of international judicial organization during the year 1945 was the adoption of the Statute of the International Court of Justice to replace the Statute of the Permanent Court of International Justice. The event marks at once an end and a beginning—closing a chapter of history which records an astonishing success, it opens a promising prospect for the continuance of the international administration of justice along precisely the same lines. Upon the termination of the Statute of 1920 the Permanent Court will technically cease to exist; but its place will be filled by a new Court so closely resembling the old one that the chain of continuity need not be broken and the accumulated experience need not be lost. If from a technical point of view it must be said that the Court of the future will be a new Court, from a practical point of view it is more accurate to say that the same Court will go on under a new name and with but slight modifications of its basic Statute.

scholarly journals Blockchain application in the distribution chain of the COVID-19 vaccine: a designing understudy

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leonardo Juan Ramirez Lopez ◽  
Nicolas Beltrán Álvarez
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chain ◽  
Critical Points ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Effective Vaccine ◽  
Research Centers ◽  
The World ◽  
Distribution Chain ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Over Time

<p>The impact of COVID-19 has challenged science in its quest to control and mitigate it through a new vaccine. This is why the world's research centers and laboratories are in serious competition over time to offer humanity an effective vaccine that prevents the spread of this virus. From a technological point of view, the challenge is to manage the distribution of this next vaccine, from its generation anywhere in the world, to the site of application to the population. The research results approximate the solution to the design of a secure Blockchain-based supply chain surveillance design, to control the variables and critical points of the next distribution of vaccines worldwide. The expected impact of the application of this new design will be the confidence of the population in the quality of the vaccine, in the generating laboratory, and it supplies.</p>

Profits and Sustainability

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Geoffrey Jones
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
New World ◽  
Organic Food ◽  
The United States ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Corporate Environmentalism ◽  
Natural Beauty ◽  
The World ◽  
Sustainable Finance ◽  
Over Time

The book tells the unknown story of entrepreneurs who believed business could help create a more sustainable world. It challenges the received point of view that such green entrepreneurs are a recent phenomenon, and instead traces their origins much further back in the convictions of people committed to unusual lifestyles, in the zeal of radicals, and in the often unsuccessful efforts of visionaries to bring a new world into being long before the world was ready for it. This book looks at many such individuals in the United States, Europe, and elsewhere, and in industries as diverse as architecture, natural beauty, organic food, recycling, solar and wind energy, and sustainable finance. In each industry, the book explores the drivers of green entrepreneurship over time, how businesses were built, and the lessons to be learned. It is shown that it was only from the 1980s that green businesses were able to break out of marginal positions, yet the scaling of such businesses and the rise of corporate environmentalism raised new issues of legitimacy. The historical achievement of green entrepreneurs remains that through their willingness to be unconventional, they opened up new ways of thinking about sustainability, and have laid the foundations for the sustainable world of the future.

scholarly journals Blockchain application in the distribution chain of the COVID-19 vaccine: a designing understudy

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leonardo Juan Ramirez Lopez ◽  
Nicolas Beltrán Álvarez
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chain ◽  
Critical Points ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Effective Vaccine ◽  
Research Centers ◽  
The World ◽  
Distribution Chain ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Over Time

<p>The impact of COVID-19 has challenged science in its quest to control and mitigate it through a new vaccine. This is why the world's research centers and laboratories are in serious competition over time to offer humanity an effective vaccine that prevents the spread of this virus. From a technological point of view, the challenge is to manage the distribution of this next vaccine, from its generation anywhere in the world, to the site of application to the population. The research results approximate the solution to the design of a secure Blockchain-based supply chain surveillance design, to control the variables and critical points of the next distribution of vaccines worldwide. The expected impact of the application of this new design will be the confidence of the population in the quality of the vaccine, in the generating laboratory, and it supplies.</p>

Immunocytochemical methodology for the localization of neuronal antigens at the ultrastructural level

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 876-877
Author(s):  
Jorge Pecci Saavedra ◽  
Mark Connaughton ◽  
Juan José López ◽  
Alicia Brusco
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Substantia Nigra ◽  
Polyclonal Antibodies ◽  
Ultrastructural Level ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Nerve Tissue ◽  
Tissue Fixation ◽  
Optimal Conditions ◽  
Interpeduncular Nucleus ◽  
Technical Point

The use of antibodies as labels for the localization of specific molecules in the nervous systan has been extensively applied in recent years. Both monoand polyclonal antibodies or antisera have been employed. The knowledge of the organization of neuronal connectivities, gliovascular relationships, glioneuronal relationships and other features of nerve tissue has greatly increased.A number of areas of the nervous systan have been analyzed in our laboratory, including the nuclei of the raphe system, the reticular formation, interpeduncular nucleus, substantia nigra, caudate nucleus, putamen, pallidum, spinal cord, pineal gland and others.From a technical point of view, a number of variables needed to be taken into account in order to obtain reliable and reproducible results. The design of the optimal conditions of tissue fixation, embedding, sectioning, dilution of antibodies, and adaptation of Sternberger PAP technique were sane of the parameters taken into account to optimize the results. It is critical that each step of the technique be defined for each particular case.

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