scholarly journals STUDYING THE PHONOLOGY OF THE OLŮKŮMI, IGALA, OWÉ AND YORŮBA LANGUAGES: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS.

Dialectologia ◽  
2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bolanle Elizabeth AROKOYO
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Language Contact ◽  
Native Speakers ◽  
Word List ◽  
Strong Relationship ◽  
Language Family ◽  
Sound Changes ◽  
Lexical Items

This study presents a comparative analysis of the phonological systems of the Yorůbá, Owé, Igala and Olůkůmi languages of the Defoid language family of Benue Congo. Data were collected from native speakers using the Ibadan Four Hundred Word List of Basic Items. Using discovered common lexemes in the languages, the classification of the languages sound systems and syllable systems are carried out in order to determine the major patterns of differences and similarities. Some major sound changes were discovered in the lexical items of the languages. The systematic substitutions of sounds also constitute another major finding observed in the languages. It was established in this study that there exists a very strong relationship among these languages. The languages are found to be mutually unintelligible except for Owé that has a degree of mutual intelligibility with Yoruba. The paper concludes that the major reason for divergence is language contact.

scholarly journals Armeno-Iranian Structural Interaction: The Case of Parthian wxd, Armenian ink‘n

2013 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 401-425
Author(s):  
Robin Meyer
Keyword(s):  
Language Contact ◽  
Language Family ◽  
Structural Interaction ◽  
Language Groups ◽  
Discourse Anaphora ◽  
Lexical Items ◽  
Middle Persian

While Armenian is not a member of the Iranian language family, its lexicon is replete with borrowings from esp. Parthian. This paper ventures to show that borrowing is not restricted to lexical items alone, but extends to the realm of syntax as well. This will be demonstrated by means of a corpus based investigation of the usage of Middle Persian xwd, Parthian wxd and its functional counterpart, Armenian ink‘n; furthermore, parallels regarding the expression of reflexivity in both language groups are addressed. The tripartite function of the respective pronouns as intensifier, discourse anaphora and clause level anaphora are the result of extended language contact between Armenian and Western Middle Iranian.

scholarly journals Description of Synonyms in Linguodidactics: Integrative Approach (based on the Synonymous Row of Verbs with a Common Meaning ‘do nothing’)

2020 ◽  
pp. 44-64
Author(s):  
E. I. Zinovieva ◽  
N. Y. Vu
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Foreign Students ◽  
Native Speakers ◽  
Russian Language ◽  
Integrative Approach ◽  
Russian Linguistics ◽  
Semantic Group ◽  
Russian Speakers ◽  
The Russian Language

The article is devoted to the description of a synonymous series of Russian verbs with a dominant idle against the background of the Vietnamese language for further presentation of Russian units in a Vietnamese audience. The approaches to the study of synonymous units traditionally highlighted in Russian linguistics are considered. The relevance of an integrative approach to the analysis of synonyms for linguodidactic purposes is substantiated. The novelty of the study is that such a comprehensive approach allows us to analyze synonyms at the level of the language system, discourse and language consciousness of native speakers. The relevance of the study is due to the fact that the synonymous row under study is included in the lexico-semantic group of behavior verbs, nuclear for the Russian language, as well as the lack of training dictionaries of Russian synonyms for foreign students. The authors determine the structure of the studied synonymic row in the Russian language, analyze the semantics, typical situations of use, the stylistic classification of units according to the components that make up the synonymic series. Particular attention is paid to data from a survey of native Russian speakers. A comparative analysis of Russian synonyms and their translation equivalents in the Vietnamese language is presented. Relevant parameters of the characteristics of the members of the synonymous row are identified to optimize the work with these units in the Vietnamese audience. Linguistic and methodological recommendations on the presentation of Russian synonyms in a Vietnamese audience are offered.

Lexical Resemblance among Modern South Arabian Languages in Oman

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 217
Author(s):  
Said Al Jahdhami
Keyword(s):  
Word Recognition ◽  
Native Speakers ◽  
Word List ◽  
Minority Languages ◽  
Central Group ◽  
The North ◽  
Language Groups ◽  
Lexical Items

Modern South Arabian (MSA) languages make one central group of three distinct language groups that comprise minority languages in Oman. Contrary to their counterparts spoken in the north of Oman, MSA languages are spoken in the southern part of the country with some spoken in neighboring Yemen. Due to both geographical and linguistic proximity among these languages, they are often viewed even by some of their speakers as dialects of one another rather than languages of their own. Accordingly, the improper term 'dialects' is often used to refer to these languages in reference to other languages within the group. Chiefly based on common lexical items, this view, however, is unsubstantiated on research basis. This paper, hence, is an attempt to vindicate such view by measuring the extent of lexical resemblance among these languages using the Swadesh's one hundred word list as its framework. To this effect, speakers were asked to report word recognition of lexical items under investigation as well as mutual intelligibility to sentences in which recognized lexical items were used. Findings show that although there is a huge lexical resemblance among these languages exhibited by the fact that speakers could recognize numerous words from these languages, native speakers reported minimal mutual intelligibility to these languages.

scholarly journals Participial systems in Uralic languages: an overview

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-84
Author(s):  
Ksenia Shagal
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Language Contact ◽  
Relative Clauses ◽  
Native Speakers ◽  
Significant Degree ◽  
North Asia ◽  
Two Parameters

This paper is an intragenetic typological study of participial systems in Uralic languages, a family demonstrating a significant degree of variation in this domain. The classification of participial forms is based primarily on two parameters, participial orientation, or relativizing capacity, and tense-aspect-modality (TAM). The sample comprises ten languages, and the data comes from descriptive studies as well as from native speakers and language experts. The study shows that participial systems in Uralic languages fall into three major groups, namely languages with inherently oriented participles, languages with contextually oriented participles, and languages featuring a combination of these participial types. The geographical distribution of participial systems shows strong areal tendencies resulting from language contact. For several centuries, western Uralic languages (e.g. Finnish and Hungarian) have been influenced by Slavic, Germanic and Baltic varieties, while eastern Uralic languages (e.g. Tundra Nenets and Khanty) historically form a linguistic area with northern Eurasian languages, such as Turkic and Yeniseian. As a result, the western varieties belong to the Standard Average European type with respect to participial properties, while the eastern ones make use of prenominal participial relative clauses, which are a well-known areal feature in North Asia. It is also noteworthy that Uralic languages do not show any clear matter borrowing in participial forms, so it is rather the pattern that is transmitted via contact.Аннотация. Ксения Шагал: Системы причастий в уральских языках: предварительный обзор. Данная статья представляет собой внутригенетическое типологическое исследование систем причастий в уральской языковой семье, которая отличается заметным разнообразием в этой области. Предлагаемая классификация причастных форм основана на двух основных параметрах: ориентации причастий и их видо-временных характеристиках. Изучаемая выборка включает в себя десять языков. Данные были получены в ходе работы с языковыми описаниями и носителями отдельных языков. Исследование показывает, что системы причастий в уральских языках делятся на три основных типа: системы причастий с внутренней ориентацией, системы причастий с контекстной ориентацией, а также системы, содержащие оба типа причастных форм. В географическом распространении различных систем прослеживаются четкие ареальные тенденции, являющиеся результатом языковых контактов. На протяжении нескольких веков западные уральские языки (например, финский и венгерский) испытывали влияние славянских, германских и балтийских языков, а восточные представители уральской семьи (например, тундровый ненецкий и хантыйский) исторически входят в один языковой ареал с тюркскими и енисейскими языками, распространенными в Сибири. В результате в отношении причастий западные уральские языки можно считать языками среднеевропейского стандарта (Standard Average European), восточные же активно используют преноминальные причастные обороты, характерные для языков Сибири и Дальнего Востока. Примечательно также, что уральские языки не заимствуют сегментного материала для образования причастий, так что рассматриваемая ситуация представляет собой пример заимствования модели (pattern-borrowing), а не формы (matter-borrowing).Ключевые слова: Уральские языки, причастия, относительные предложения, языковые контакты, ареальная лингвистикаKokkuvõte. Ksenia Shagal: Ülevaade partitsiibisüsteemidest Uurali keeltes. Siinne artikkel on intrageneetiline tüpoloogiline uurimus partitsiibisüsteemidest Uurali keeltes – keelkonnas, mis näitab vastavas domeenis olulist varieeruvust. Partitsiibivormide klassifikatsioon põhineb peamiselt kahel parameetril: partitsiibi orientatsioon või relativiseerimise võimalus ja aeg-aspekt-modaalsus (tense-aspect-modality, TAM). Valim koosneb kümnest keelest, andmestik pärineb deskriptiivsetest uurimustest kui ka emakeelsetelt kõnelejatelt ja keele ekspertidelt. Uurimusest selgub, et Uurali keelte partitsiibisüsteemid võib jagada kolme peamisesse gruppi: sisemiselt orienteeritud partitsiipidega keeled, kontekstuaalselt orienteeritud partitsiipidega keeled ja nende kahe kombinatsiooni kasutavad keeled. Partitsiibisüsteemide piirkondlik jaotumus näitab tugevaid areaalseid tendentse, mis tulenevad keelekontaktidest. Sajandeid on Lääne-Uurali keeled (nt soome ja ungari) olnud mõjutatud slaavi, germaani ja balti keelekujudest, kuid Ida-Uurali keeled (nt tundraneenetsi ja handi) on ajalooliselt moodustanud keelelise areaali Põhja-Euraasia keeltega, nagu turgi ja jenissei. Selle tulemusena kuuluvad partitsiipseid omadusi ilmutavad läänepoolsed keelekujud Euroopa keskmise standardi (Standard Average European, SAE) hulka, idapoolsed keeled aga kasutavad prenominaalseid relatiivlaused, mis on tuntud areaalne joon Põhja-Aasias. On tähelepanuvääre, et Uurali keeltes esinevad partitsiibivormid ei näita selgeid märke vormiainese laenamisest, mis viitab sellele, et kontakti tulemusel kantakse üle pigem struktuurimall.Märksõnad: Uurali keeled, partitsiibid, relatiivlaused, keelekontakt, areaalne keeleteadus

scholarly journals Die kirchenslavische Zeile in den Petersburger Vocabularia comparativa (1787-1789)

2014 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 60-81
Author(s):  
Helmut Keipert
Keyword(s):  
Native Speakers ◽  
Word List ◽  
Bilingual Dictionaries ◽  
Formal Classification ◽  
The Church

The Church Slavonic Line in the St. Petersburg Comparative Dictionaries by P. S. Pallas (1787-89)For 285 Russian head-words the Pallas dictionaries contain equivalents in 200 languages, including Church Slavonic among the 12 Slavonic entries at the very beginning. Translating the Russian head-word into Church Slavonic must have been very difficult, because it was a language without native speakers and without bilingual dictionaries. As no informations seem to be available about the compiler of the Church Slavonic word-list and his working instructions, the article tries to give a formal classification of the more or less convincing equivalents and discusses some obvious inconsistencies in the Church Slavonic lines.

ESP corpus design: compilation of the Veterinary Nursing Medical Chart Corpus and the Veterinary Nursing Wordlist

Corpora ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 125-140
Author(s):  
Yukiko Ohashi ◽  
Noriaki Katagiri ◽  
Katsutoshi Oka ◽  
Michiko Hanada
Keyword(s):  
Word List ◽  
English For Specific Purposes ◽  
Regular Expressions ◽  
Annotation Scheme ◽  
Corpus Design ◽  
As Species ◽  
Lexical Items ◽  
Access To Data ◽  
General Service

This paper reports on two research results: ( 1) designing an English for Specific Purposes (esp) corpus architecture complete with annotations structured by regular expressions; and ( 2) a case study to test the design to cater for creating a specific vocabulary list using the compiled corpus. The first half of this study involved designing a precisely structured esp corpus from 190 veterinary medical charts with a hierarchy of the data. The data hierarchy in the corpus consists of document types, outline elements and inline elements, such as species and breed. Perl scripts extracted the data attached to veterinary-specific categories, and the extraction led to creating wordlists. The second part of the research tested the corpus mode, creating a list of commonly observed lexical items in veterinary medicine. The coverage rate of the wordlists by General Service List (gsl) and Academic Word List (awl) was tested, with the result that 66.4 percent of all lexical items appeared in gsl and awl, whereas 33.7 percent appeared in none of those lists. The corpus compilation procedures as well as the annotation scheme introduced in this study enable the compilation of specific corpora with explicit annotations, allowing teachers to have access to data required for creating esp classroom materials.

Research of methods of protecting organizations from inimical mergers and acquisitions

2020 ◽  
pp. 29-45
Author(s):  
O.A. Naydis ◽  
I.O. Naydis
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Mergers And Acquisitions ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Preventive Methods

The article considers the types, forms, mechanisms and classification of mergers and acquisitions, identifies their positive effects, and studies the tactics of acquisitions. The analysis of anti-capture measures: active and preventive methods of protection against hostile mergers and acquisitions. A comparative analysis of anti-capture measures with acquisitions tactics was carried out, the advantages and disadvantages of their application were identified.

Review and classification of false information systems (FIS)

2020 ◽  
pp. 36-39
Author(s):  
M.A. Kobilev ◽  
E.S. Abramov
Keyword(s):  
Information Systems ◽  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
False Information

The article considers false information systems and conducts their comparative analysis, considering the tasks that they perform, which technologies rely on, and what role is played in protecting information when they are used. The goal is to identify relevant false information systems, to formulate criteria in accordance with which classification is carried out. The problems of false information systems are identified, further work in this topic is determined.

The Concept of Wife in Russian and English Linguistic Consciousness

2020 ◽  
pp. 39-46
Author(s):  
Tat’yana V. Borisenko ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Native Speakers ◽  
Mutual Understanding ◽  
Common Response ◽  
Assimilation Process ◽  
English Speaking ◽  
World Image

This paper aimed to study the content of the concept of wife in Russian and English-speaking linguocultures. The research will broaden the understanding of linguistic consciousness of Russian and English native speakers as well as identify some peculiarities of their world image. It is important to study the national world image today, as it can help to improve mutual understanding between cultures and simplify the assimilation process for those who decide to immigrate for some reason or other. The author utilized the methods of linguocultural and comparative analysis, as well as of associative-verbal nets study suggested by Yu.N. Karaulov. They include comparing associative-verbal nets by respondents’ first two reactions, identifying the most frequent types of answers, and grouping the responses into semantic zones. Further, the article analyses the synonymic chains of the word wife and explains the significance of this concept in Russian and English-speaking linguocultures, as well as identifies common semantic groups for the concept (wedding, household) and determines a common response to the stimulus in the two linguocultures. In addition, the paper traces differences in the perception of the concept of wife and singles out various semantic zones and their key elements. The research found that for many Russian native speakers, this concept contains such features as faith and belonging to someone, while in English linguistic consciousness it includes gender and partnership.

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