Compound adjectives in the Erzya and Hungarian languages

Introduction. Compounding is one of the leading ways to update vocabulary. A compound word is the result of combining two or more meanings at the lexical-semantic, word-formation, syntactic levels, which determines versatile approaches to its study, including comparative-historical. The purpose of the research is a comparative historical study of compound adjectives of the Erzya and Hungarian languages. It can be achieved by considering the formation patterns of compound adjectives; analysis of compound adjectives in Erzya and Hungarian; identifying the types of relationships between the components of a compound word; statistical calculations. Materials and Methods. The material for analysis was formed by the method of continuous sampling from bilingual dictionaries: Erzya-Russian and Hungarian-Russian. It used the methods for determining the genetic affiliation of language data, establishing a system of correspondences and anomalies in the compared languages; spatial localization of linguistic phenomena. Research and Discussion. Compounding in the Erzya and Hungarian languages are divided into two large groups: 1) formed on the basis of a compositional connection and 2) created on the basis of a subordinate connection between components. As the study showed, complex adjectives of the subordinate type in the Erzya language are few in number, while in the Hungarian language they constitute the majority. This group includes words with the first part – an adjective, a noun, a numeral. Compound adjectives of a compositional type, prevailing in the Erzya language, can be formed as a result of the merger of two proper adjectives, two derived adjectives, repetition of derived adjectives. In the Hungarian language, the share of complex adjectives of the compositional type is small. Among them there are the ones paired and formed by the type of twin words. Conclusion. The results of the study indicate that the formation of complex adjectives in the Hungarian and Erzya languages is an active process.

Insights into Translation of Russian Realia

This essay aims to give a brief overview of the findings of my research on translation strategies, especially when it is necessary to transfer meanings and uses of the so-called realia from a source language to a target one, which, for the sake of brevity, we will respectively call SL (Russian) and TL (Italian). After an introduction on the concept of realia and possible strategies to convey their meaning, it will be pointed out, through the analysis of some proto-typical examples, how (i) there exist many solutions the translator-lexicographer should take into account each time, according to a series of different parameters, (ii) to what extent these choices can vary with respect to narrative texts or lexicography and (iii) the absence of homogeneity in translation strategies, not only when comparing different monolingual or bilingual dictionaries, but also within the same dictionary. Although the theory of translation of realia has been a matter of interest and study in narrative, as well as in monolingual lexicography, it still seems little research has been conducted to test or compare approaches in bilingual lexicography.

Functional Category of Aspectuality in the Russian And English Languages

This article studies functional and semantic Tense/Aspect complexes in Russian and English, focusing on their similarities and differences. In Russian, Tense-Aspect meanings of the verb forms correlate with the semantic components of Aktionsart, while in English both Imperfective and Perfective aspects of the verb semantics are realized by the constituent category of Tense/Aspect. The inner asymmetry of the verb forms and meanings is acknowledged for each of the contrastive languages, especially for the two languages compared. The material of the study is retrieved from grammar books and manuals and from literary text samples, principally concerns the use of Tense/Aspect forms of the Russian verb and the forms of the English Perfect. The novelty impact of the study is determined by focusing on the irregularity of the aspectual meanings of English Perfect forms and Tense/Aspect forms of the Russian verb, whereas they are mostly due to lexical meanings of the verbs influenced by intralinguistic specificities of the semantics of lexical indicators as well as mechanisms of communication on the whole. Aspectual meanings both for the Perfective and Imperfective Aspect in languages under comparison used to make up lexical and grammatical aspectual categorical complexes. In terms of Aspect and Tense, peculiarities are found as functional and semantic ones, highly dependent on the situation and context of communication, thus involving extralinguistic factors which also concern the extralinguistic environment of Tense/Aspect verbal forms in use. The comparison of functions and the semantics of Aspect and Aktionsart in the Russian language with those of English Perfect asymmetry is proved to emerge, being caused by cross-linguistic structural and typological differences, particularly, the existence or not the similar forms, their varying semantic load, analytical or synthetic tendencies and others. The asymmetry is especially vividly seen translation and lexicographic field to compose varying kinds of bilingual dictionaries.

Squeezing Italian dictionaries in search of citrus juice and fruit

Southern Mediterranean regions significantly differ from the northern countries not only for their climate, but also and foremost for the influence that the latter has on the landscape and the products that are related to it. Dictionaries should relate the lexical variation used to describe the variety of landscapes and their characteristics, thus reflecting the peculiarities of a given territory. This paper deals with the variety of citrus fruits that can be found in the Italian landscapes, with particular attention to the lexicographic treatment that they receive in both monolingual and bilingual dictionaries, where a precise meaning is not always registered and the treatment of the superordinate agrume (pl. agrumi) is controversial: its taxonomic status seems not to be recognized and fully exploited in dictionary articles.

SOMATIC CODE IN A LINGUISTIC CULTURE OF EVENS

В данной статье рассматривается соматический код культуры, являющийся одним из ключевых и универсальных кодов в лингвокультуре эвенов, отражающий восприятие мира эвенского этноса. Материалом исследования послужили изданные двуязычные словари, фольклорные и художественные произведения эвенов, также в статье использованы полевые материалы автора, собранные в ходе экспедиционных поездок в места компактного проживания эвенов. Выявлена специфика вербализации кодового содержания сомонимов в эвенских паремиях и фразеологических выражениях. Определены семантические особенности метафор с компонентами — соматизмами в эвенской языковой картине мира. Анатомическая лексика, участвующая в создании переносных значений, ассоциаций и обладающая символьными функциями, отображает архетипические воззрения и ментальность народа. Соматизмы нашли отражение в пространственной лексике, ландшафтной лексике, в обрядовой культуре, в идиомах, в метафорах, в пословицах и поговорках эвенов. В эвенской лингвокультуре сакральность некоторых частей тела отразилось в төнӈэкич `запретах-оберегах`. Семантизация и понятийная наполненность соматического кода культуры является универсальной и имеет параллели в картине мира других народов. This article examines the somatic code of culture, which is one of the important and universal codes in the linguoculture of the Evens, reflecting the perception of the world of the Even ethnos. The bilingual dictionaries, folklore and artworks of Even, and the author's field materials collected during expedition trips to the small residency of the Evens were used for data of the article. The specificity of the verbalization of somonyms in the Even paremias and phraseological expressions was revealed. The semantic features of metaphors with elements of somatisms in the ven language are determined. Anatomical vocabulary, participating in the creation of figurative meanings, associations and possessing symbolic functions, reflects the archetypal visions and thinking of the people. Somatisms are reflected in spatial vocabulary, landscape vocabulary, ritual culture, idioms, metaphors, proverbs and sayings of the evens. In the even linguistic culture the sacredness of some parts of body was reflected in prohibitions-amulets. Semantization and meaning of the somatic code of culture is universal and has parallels in the vision of the world of other folks.

Лингвокультурологические аспекты невербальной коммуникации

The article presents the issue of non-verbal communication from the perspective of translation and teaching a foreign language. The research is based on an experiment conducted among Russian students at the University of Warmia and Mazury, whose task it was to analyze data from Krystyna Jarząbek’s Dictionary of the Body Language of Polish People, from which about 30 unknown or unintelligible units of non-verbal communication were selected. The data show that body language, including gestures, is culture-rooted, and confirm that non-verbal means play a significant role in communication. This is why the author of the article believes it to be justified to introduce elements of non-verbal communication into teaching foreign languages and to compile bilingual dictionaries of body language.

Problems of definitions and translation of English complex subject adjectives into Russian

Рассматриваются структурно-семантические группы многокомпонентных предметных прилагательных, представленные в классической английской художественной прозе как наиболее яркие стилистические приемы словотворчества и авторских новообразований. Посредством сравнительно-сопоставительного и лексико-семантического методов исследуется лингвистический материал на основе известных произведений англоязычных писателей, а также лексикографические источники двуязычных словарей. Метод компонентного анализа группы авторских адъективных новообразований позволяет прийти к заключению о высокой продуктивности образования сложных предметных прилагательных. Аналитический обзор выявил структурно-семантические характеристики класса прилагательных, которые напрямую связаны с их семантикой. Таким образом, установлено, что изучение и сопоставление словарных дефиниций помогает переводу сложных определений цвета в разных культурах. The paper deals with structural and semantic groups of multicomponent subject adjectives, presented in classical English art prose as the most striking stylistic techniques of word-making and authors’ neologisms. Through comparative and lexical-semantic methods, we study linguistic material based on the famous works of English-language writers, as well as lexicographic sources of bilingual dictionaries. The method of component analysis of the group of authors’ adjective neologisms allows us to conclude that the formation of complex subject adjectives is highly productive. An analytical review revealed structural-semantic characteristics of the adjective class that are directly related to their semantics. Thus, it has been found that studying and comparison of dictionary definitions helps translate complex color definitions in different cultures.

Efficient bilingual lexicon extraction from comparable corpora based on formal concepts analysis

Bilingual corpora are an essential resource used to cross the language barrier in multilingual natural language processing tasks. Among bilingual corpora, comparable corpora have been the subject of many studies as they are both frequent and easily available. In this paper, we propose to make use of formal concept analysis to first construct concept vectors which can be used to enhance comparable corpora through clustering techniques. We then show how one can extract bilingual lexicons of improved quality from these enhanced corpora. We finally show that the bilingual lexicons obtained can complement existing bilingual dictionaries and improve cross-language information retrieval systems.

O-JMeSH: creating a bilingual English-Japanese controlled vocabulary of MeSH UIDs through machine translation and mutual information

Previous approaches to create a controlled vocabulary for Japanese have resorted to existing bilingual dictionary and transformation rules to allow such mappings. However, given the possible new terms introduced due to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and the emphasis on respiratory and infection-related terms, coverage might not be guaranteed. We propose creating a Japanese bilingual controlled vocabulary based on MeSH terms assigned to COVID-19 related publications in this work. For such, we resorted to manual curation of several bilingual dictionaries and a computational approach based on machine translation of sentences containing such terms and the ranking of possible translations for the individual terms by mutual information. Our results show that we achieved nearly 99% occurrence coverage in LitCovid, while our computational approach presented average accuracy of 63.33% for all terms, and 84.51% for drugs and chemicals.

Hrvatsko-mađarske leksikografske veze između 1990.–2020. godine

Croatian-Hungarian dictionaries that have been published in Hungary and Croatia between 1990 and 2020. This paper showcases Croatian-Hungarian dictionaries that have been published in Hungary and Croatia between 1990 and 2020. In the line of publications examples of descriptive, prescriptive, normative, thematic dictionaries and glossaries are found. Monolingual and bilingual dictionaries, subject, dialectology, field-specific and terminology dictionaries are thematized and categorized synchronically and diachronically, furthermore, they are analyzed according to notion and meaning criteria and the structure of their entries and lemmas. The matter of e-lexicography and the digitalization of existing physical editions is discussed in tandem with the belonging of the field of lexicology in the education process and the modern curriculum.