scholarly journals How Efficiently Can We Target Prolific Offenders?

2002 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 323-331 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mike Townsley ◽  
Ken Pease
Keyword(s):  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
Research Programme ◽  
Local Application ◽  
Meaningful Relationship ◽  
Great Utility ◽  
Neighbourhood Level ◽  
Crime Types ◽  
Applied Criminology

This report looks at the magnitude of crime perpetrated by the most active offenders in a particular police area and places it in the context of a research programme which seeks to integrate and render locally useful the major findings of applied criminology. The results are contrasting. In terms of all crime, the group of offenders nominated did not appear to contribute substantially to levels of crime. The level of burglary did not bear any relationship to the availability of nominated burglars. The volume of vehicle-related crime (unlawful taking, theft of and theft from a motor vehicle) did vary according to the number of nominated offenders available. Breaking down to neighbourhood level, only one area displayed a relationship between levels of vehicle crime and the availability of nominated offenders to commit crime. Furthermore, there was some evidence that this group accounted for a component of other crime types, namely burglary and criminal damage. Two areas failed to produce any meaningful relationship between nominated offenders and crime levels. The results have major implications for the mechanism used to nominate prolific offenders and the resources used to target such individuals. It is argued that refinement and local application of the kinds of analysis described here would be of great utility in shaping offender-targeting practices.

scholarly journals Could Crime Risk Be Propagated across Crime Types?

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
pp. 203 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zengli Wang ◽  
Hong Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
Motor Vehicle Theft ◽  
Vehicle Theft ◽  
Crime Type ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Public Areas ◽  
Crime Types ◽  
Crime Risk ◽  
Temporal Interaction

It has long been acknowledged that crimes of the same type tend to be committed at the same location or proximity in a short period. However, the investigation of whether this phenomenon exists across crime types remains limited. The spatial-temporal clustered patterns for two types of crimes in public areas (pocket-picking and vehicle/motor vehicle theft) are separately examined. Compared with existing research, this study contributes to current research from three aspects: (1) The repeat and near-repeat phenomenon exists in two types of crimes in a large Chinese city. (2) A significant spatial-temporal interaction between pocket-picking and vehicle/motor vehicle theft exists within a range of 100 m. Some cross-crime type interactions seem to have a stronger ability of prediction than does single-crime type interaction. (3) A risk-avoiding activity is identified after spatial-temporal hotspots of another crime type. The spatial extent with increased risk is limited to a certain distance from the previous hotspots. The experimental results are analyzed and interpreted with current criminology theories.

Spatially varying relationships between immigration measures and property crime Types in Vancouver Census Tracts, 2016

2020 ◽  
Vol 60 (5) ◽  
pp. 1342-1367
Author(s):  
Martin A Andresen ◽  
Olivia K Ha
Keyword(s):  
Census Data ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Property Crime ◽  
Census Tracts ◽  
Estimated Parameters ◽  
Neighbourhood Level ◽  
Significant Spatial Variation ◽  
Crime Types ◽  
Spatially Varying ◽  
Crime Classification

Abstract We empirically test for spatial heterogeneity or local effects of multiple immigration measures on various property crime classification across Vancouver census tracts, 2016. Using spatially referenced property crime data and census data, we use geographically weighted regression to investigate the neighbourhood-level effects of immigration on crime. We find that estimated parameters vary across space, but these local immigration effects do not always vary significantly at the local level. Overall, significant spatial variation in the effects of immigration on property crime is present. These are important for policy and theory. The identification of varied spatial patterns of immigration effects on crime may help explain some of the inconsistent/disparate results found in neighbourhood-level studies on immigration and crime.

scholarly journals Interactions between Neighbourhood Urban Form and Socioeconomic Status and Their Associations with Anthropometric Measurements in Canadian Adults

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gavin R. McCormack ◽  
Christine Friedenreich ◽  
Lindsay McLaren ◽  
Melissa Potestio ◽  
Beverly Sandalack ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Urban Form ◽  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
Healthy Weight ◽  
Low Socioeconomic ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Neighbourhood Level ◽  
Disadvantaged Neighbourhoods ◽  
Status Number ◽  
Socioeconomic Composition

Neighbourhood-level socioeconomic composition and built context are correlates of weight-related behaviours. We investigated the relations between objective measures of neighbourhood design and socioeconomic status (SES) and their interaction, in relation to self-reported waist circumference (WC), waist-to-hip ratio, and body mass index (BMI) in a sample of Canadian adults (n=851from 12 Calgary neighbourhoods). WC and BMI were higher among residents of disadvantaged neighbourhoods, independent of neighbourhood design (grid, warped grid, and curvilinear street patterns) and individual-level characteristics (sex, age, education, income, dog ownership, marital status, number of dependents, motor vehicle access, smoking, sleep, mental health, physical health, and past attempts to modify bodyweight). The association between neighbourhood-level SES and WC was modified by neighbourhood design; WC was higher in disadvantaged-curvilinear neighbourhoods and lower in advantaged-grid neighbourhoods. Policies making less obesogenic neighbourhoods affordable to low socioeconomic households and that improve the supportiveness for behaviours leading to healthy weight in low socioeconomic neighbourhoods are necessary.

Case Exercise: Biomechanics in Rearend Motor Vehicle Collisions

2007 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 4-7
Author(s):  
Charles N. Brooks ◽  
Christopher R. Brigham
Keyword(s):  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
Body Position ◽  
Motor Vehicle Collisions ◽  
Time Curve ◽  
Vehicle Collisions ◽  
Need For Treatment ◽  
Multiple Factors ◽  
Bodily Injury ◽  
Vehicle Collision ◽  
Physical Findings

Abstract Multiple factors determine the likelihood, type, and severity of bodily injury following a motor vehicle collision and, in turn, influence the need for treatment, extent of disability, and likelihood of permanent impairment. Among the most important factors is the change in velocity due to an impact (Δv). Other factors include the individual's strength and elasticity, body position at the time of impact, awareness of the impending impact (ie, opportunity to brace, guard, or contract muscles before an impact), and effects of braking. Because Δv is the area under the acceleration vs time curve, it combines force and duration and is a useful way to quantify impact severity. The article includes a table showing the results of a literature review that concluded, “the consensus of human subject research conducted to date is that a single exposure to a rear-end impact with a Δv of 5 mph or less is unlikely to result in injury” in most healthy, restrained occupants. Because velocity incorporates direction as well as speed, a vehicular occupant is less likely to be injured in a rear impact than when struck from the side. Evaluators must consider multiple factors, including the occupant's pre-existing physical and psychosocial status, the mechanism and magnitude of the collision, and a variety of biomechanical variables. Recommendations based solely on patient history and physical findings (and, perhaps, imaging studies) may be ill-informed.

105: Renal Injury Mechanisms in Motor Vehicle Collisions: Analysis of the Crash Injury Research and Engineering Network (CIREN) Dataset

2007 ◽  
Vol 177 (4S) ◽  
pp. 37-37
Author(s):  
James K. Kuan ◽  
Robert Kaufman ◽  
Jonathan L. Wright ◽  
Charles Mock ◽  
Avery B. Nathens ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Renal Injury ◽  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
Motor Vehicle Collisions ◽  
Vehicle Collisions ◽  
Injury Mechanisms ◽  
Injury Research

A Reassessment of Suicide Measurement

Crisis ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 6-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.P. Doessel ◽  
Ruth F.G. Williams ◽  
Harvey Whiteford
Keyword(s):  
Causes Of Death ◽  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
Years Of Life Lost ◽  
Health Prevention ◽  
Prevention Strategies ◽  
Vehicle Accidents ◽  
The Social ◽  
Evaluation Exercise ◽  
Two Measures ◽  
Circulatory Diseases

Background. Concern with suicide measurement is a positive, albeit relatively recent, development. A concern with “the social loss from suicide” requires careful attention to appropriately measuring the phenomenon. This paper applies two different methods of measuring suicide data: the conventional age-standardized suicide (count) rate; and the alternative rate, the potential years of life lost (PYLL) rate. Aims. The purpose of applying these two measures is to place suicide in Queensland in a historical and comparative (relative to other causes of death) perspective. Methods. Both measures are applied to suicide data for Queensland since 1920. These measures are applied also to two “largish” causes of death and two “smaller” causes of death, i.e., circulatory diseases, cancers, motor vehicle accidents, suicide. Results. The two measures generate quite different pictures of suicide in Queensland: Using the PYLL measure, suicide is a quantitatively larger issue than is indicated by the count measure. Conclusions. The PYLL measure is the more appropriate measure for evaluation exercise of public health prevention strategies. This is because the PYLL measure is weighted by years of life lost and, thus, it incorporates more information than the count measure which implicitly weights each death with a somewhat partial value, viz. unity.

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