The Intersection of Race and Gender: Teaching Reformed Gender Ideologies to Black Males in the Context of Hegemonic Masculinity

Abstract Introduction Guided by an intersectional approach, we assessed the association between social categories (individual and combined) on time to linkage to HIV care in Tennessee. Methods Tennessee residents diagnosed with HIV from 2012-2016 were included in the analysis (n=3750). Linkage was defined by the first CD4 or HIV RNA test date after HIV diagnosis. We used Cox proportional hazards models to assess the association of time to linkage with individual-level variables. We modeled interactions between race, age, gender, and HIV acquisition risk factor (RF), to understand how these variables jointly influence linkage to care. Results Age, race, and gender/RF weAima A. Ahonkhaire strong individual (p < 0.001 for each) and joint predictors of time to linkage to HIV care (p < 0.001 for interaction). Older individuals were more likely to link to care (aHR comparing 40 vs. 30 years, 1.20, 95%CI 1.11-1.29). Blacks were less likely to link to care than Whites (aHR= 0.73, 95% CI: 0.67-0.79). Men who have sex with men (MSM) (aHR = 1.18, 95%CI: 1.03-1.34) and heterosexually active females (females) (aHR = 1.32, 95%CI: 1.14-1.53) were more likely to link to care than heterosexually active males. The three-way interaction between age, race, and gender/RF showed that Black males overall and young, heterosexually active Black males in particular were least likely to establish care. Conclusions Racial disparities persist in establishing HIV care in Tennessee, but data highlighting the combined influence of age, race, gender, and sexual orientation suggest that heterosexually active Black males should be an important focus of targeted interventions for linkage to HIV care.

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Intersectionality of Race, Ethnicity, Gender, and Age on Criminal Punishment

Sociological Perspectives ◽

10.1177/0731121416679371 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 60 (4) ◽

pp. 810-833 ◽

Cited By ~ 47

Author(s):

Darrell Steffensmeier ◽

Noah Painter-Davis ◽

Jeffery Ulmer

Keyword(s):

Black Males ◽

Behavioral Outcomes ◽

Hispanic Males ◽

Race And Gender ◽

Focal Concerns ◽

Gender And Age ◽

Statistical Studies ◽

Novel Method ◽

Race Ethnicity ◽

And Gender

Race, ethnicity, gender, and age are core foci within sociology and law/criminology. Also prominent is how these statuses intersect to affect behavioral outcomes, but statistical studies of intersectionality are rare. In the area of criminal sentencing, an abundance of studies examine main and joint effects of race and gender but few investigate in detail how these effects are conditioned by defendant’s age. Using recent Pennsylvania sentencing data and a novel method for analyzing statistical interactions, we examine the main and combined effects of these statuses on sentencing. We find strong evidence for intersectionality: Harsher sentences concentrate among young black males and Hispanic males of all ages, while the youngest females (regardless of race/ethnicity) and some older defendants receive leniency. The focal concerns model of sentencing that frames our study has strong affinity with intersectionality perspectives and can serve as a template for research examining the ways social statuses shape inequality.

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Worse for the wear: Effects of raciolinguistic ideologies, gender ideologies, and clothing on ESL pronunciation perception

Proceedings of the Linguistic Society of America ◽

10.3765/plsa.v5i1.4729 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 5 (1) ◽

pp. 544

Author(s):

Ruthanne Hughes

Keyword(s):

Teacher Perception ◽

Gender Ideologies ◽

Race And Gender ◽

Trained Teachers ◽

And Gender

Accents are products of perception as well as production; it is crucial that accentedness research address teacher discrimination rather than focusing on so-called student "deficiencies." Raciolinguistic ideologies and gender ideologies are factors that can affect teacher perception, interacting together in nuanced, non-additive ways. This case study employing matched-guise methodology investigates a White ESL teacher's differential ratings of pronunciation based on students' race, gender, and cultural clothing. Results show that clothing helps index figures of personhood that are more than the sum of race and gender ideologies and emphasize that even progressive and linguistically-trained teachers may still engage in biased rating practices.

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The Intersection of Racial and Gender Attitudes, 1977 through 2018

10.31235/osf.io/rv9jx ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

William Scarborough ◽

Joanna R. Pepin ◽

Danny Lambouths ◽

Ronald Kwon ◽

Ronaldo Monasterio

Keyword(s):

Black Women ◽

Black Men ◽

Latent Class ◽

White Women ◽

General Social Survey ◽

Gender Attitudes ◽

Gender Ideologies ◽

Race And Gender ◽

Gender Egalitarianism ◽

And Gender

Intersectionality scholars have long identified dynamic configurations of race and gender ideologies. Yet, survey research on racial and gender attitudes has tended to treat these components as independent. We apply latent class analysis to a set of racial and gender attitude items from the General Social Survey (1977 — 2018) to identify four configurations of individuals’ simultaneous views on race and gender. Two of these configurations hold unified progressive or regressive racial and gender attitudes. Two additional formations have discordant racial and gender attitudes where progressive views on one aspect combine with regressive views on the other. In the majority of survey years, the most commonly held configuration endorsed gender equality but espoused new racialist views that attributed racial disparities to cultural deficiencies. This perspective has become increasingly common since 1977 and is most prevalent among White women and White men, likely due to racial-group interest. Black women and Black men, in contrast, are more likely to embrace progressive racial and gender attitudes. We argue that White men’s gender egalitarianism may be rooted in self-interest, aimed to acquire resources through intimate relationships. Among Black men, progressive racial and gender attitudes form a necessary coalition with Black women to challenge racism.

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Gender Matters: The Perceived Role of Gender Expression in Discrimination Against Cisgender and Transgender LGBQ Individuals

Psychology of Women Quarterly ◽

10.1177/0361684320929354 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 44 (3) ◽

pp. 323-341

Author(s):

Steph M. Anderson

Keyword(s):

Sexual Orientation ◽

Thematic Analysis ◽

Meaning Making ◽

National Sample ◽

Racially Diverse ◽

Gender Ideologies ◽

Race And Gender ◽

Gender Expression ◽

And Gender

Although violation of gender norms has been discussed as a fundamental component of and underlying foundation for anti-queer discrimination, less research has directly attended to how lesbian, gay, bisexual, and queer (LGBQ) individuals interpret the role of gender expression in discriminatory experiences. Based upon a racially diverse national sample of 138 cisgender and transgender LGBQ individuals, I discuss results from a content and thematic analysis of discrimination narratives. Findings reveal the centrality of gender expression—how one embodies masculinity and femininity—within participant stories. While gender expression was central to meaning-making among all participants, the type of discrimination experienced and participants’ interpretation of the events depended on whether their gender expression “revealed” or “concealed” their queerness. Race and gender identity also informed participants’ interpretations, underscoring the need for greater attention to how gender norm expectations are racialized and cisnormative. These findings challenge the conceptualization of sexual orientation as an “invisible” identity and the notion of “passing” (i.e., being perceived as straight) as a uniform privilege for some LGBQ individuals. Instead, these results situate the perception of sexual orientation as context-dependent and highlight the need for advocacy efforts that identify and challenge strict gender ideologies, in particular gender binaries.

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Depression Increases Stroke Hospitalization Cost: An Analysis of 17,010 Stroke Patients in 2008 by Race and Gender

Stroke Research and Treatment ◽

10.1155/2013/846732 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 2013 ◽

pp. 1-7 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Baqar Husaini ◽

Robert Levine ◽

Linda Sharp ◽

Van Cain ◽

Meggan Novotny ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Black Males ◽

Primary Diagnosis ◽

Stroke Patients ◽

Discharge Data ◽

Race And Gender ◽

Hospitalization Costs ◽

And Gender ◽

The Cost ◽

The Impact ◽

Detection Of Depression

Objective. This analysis focuses on the effect of depression on the cost of hospitalization of stroke patients.Methods. Data on 17,010 stroke patients (primary diagnosis) were extracted from 2008 Tennessee Hospital Discharge Data System. Three groups of patients were compared: (1) stroke only (SO,n=7,850), (2) stroke + depression (S+D,n=3,965), and (3) stroke + other mental health diagnoses (S+M,n=5,195).Results. Of all adult patients, 4.3% were diagnosed with stroke. Stroke was more prevalent among blacks than whites (4.5% versus 4.2%,P<0.001) and among males than females (5.1% versus 3.7%,P<0.001). Nearly one-quarter of stroke patients (23.3%) were diagnosed with depression/anxiety. Hospital stroke cost was higher among depressed stroke patients (S+D) compared to stroke only (SO) patients ($77,864 versus $47,790,P<0.001), and amongS+D, cost was higher for black males compared to white depressed males ($97,196 versus $88,115,P<0.001). Similar racial trends in cost emerged amongS+Dfemales.Conclusion. Depression in stroke patients is associated with increased hospitalization costs. Higher stroke cost among blacks may reflect the impact of comorbidities and the delay in care of serious health conditions. Attention to early detection of depression in stroke patients might reduce inpatient healthcare costs.

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Referral Patterns for Youths Identified at Risk for Suicide by Trained Gatekeepers

Crisis ◽

10.1027/0227-5910/a000114 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 33 (2) ◽

pp. 113-119 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Michael S. Rodi ◽

Lucas Godoy Garraza ◽

Christine Walrath ◽

Robert L. Stephens ◽

D. Susanne Condron ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Suicide Prevention ◽

Demographic Characteristics ◽

Service Access ◽

Referral Patterns ◽

Race And Gender ◽

Lee Smith ◽

Prevention Behavior ◽

Key Variables ◽

And Gender ◽

To Receive

Background: In order to better understand the posttraining suicide prevention behavior of gatekeeper trainees, the present article examines the referral and service receipt patterns among gatekeeper-identified youths. Methods: Data for this study were drawn from 26 Garrett Lee Smith grantees funded between October 2005 and October 2009 who submitted data about the number, characteristics, and service access of identified youths. Results: The demographic characteristics of identified youths are not related to referral type or receipt. Furthermore, referral setting does not seem to be predictive of the type of referral. Demographic as well as other (nonrisk) characteristics of the youths are not key variables in determining identification or service receipt. Limitations: These data are not necessarily representative of all youths identified by gatekeepers represented in the dataset. The prevalence of risk among all members of the communities from which these data are drawn is unknown. Furthermore, these data likely disproportionately represent gatekeepers associated with systems that effectively track gatekeepers and youths. Conclusions: Gatekeepers appear to be identifying youth across settings, and those youths are being referred for services without regard for race and gender or the settings in which they are identified. Furthermore, youths that may be at highest risk may be more likely to receive those services.

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