Intersectionality of Race, Ethnicity, Gender, and Age on Criminal Punishment

2016 ◽  
Vol 60 (4) ◽  
pp. 810-833 ◽  
Author(s):  
Darrell Steffensmeier ◽  
Noah Painter-Davis ◽  
Jeffery Ulmer
Keyword(s):  
Black Males ◽  
Behavioral Outcomes ◽  
Hispanic Males ◽  
Race And Gender ◽  
Focal Concerns ◽  
Gender And Age ◽  
Statistical Studies ◽  
Novel Method ◽  
Race Ethnicity ◽  
And Gender

Race, ethnicity, gender, and age are core foci within sociology and law/criminology. Also prominent is how these statuses intersect to affect behavioral outcomes, but statistical studies of intersectionality are rare. In the area of criminal sentencing, an abundance of studies examine main and joint effects of race and gender but few investigate in detail how these effects are conditioned by defendant’s age. Using recent Pennsylvania sentencing data and a novel method for analyzing statistical interactions, we examine the main and combined effects of these statuses on sentencing. We find strong evidence for intersectionality: Harsher sentences concentrate among young black males and Hispanic males of all ages, while the youngest females (regardless of race/ethnicity) and some older defendants receive leniency. The focal concerns model of sentencing that frames our study has strong affinity with intersectionality perspectives and can serve as a template for research examining the ways social statuses shape inequality.

The Joint Effects of Race, Ethnicity, Gender, and Age on the Incarceration and Sentence Length Decisions

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 203-222 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tina L. Freiburger ◽  
Alyssa M. Sheeran
Keyword(s):  
Black Males ◽  
Sentence Length ◽  
Black Females ◽  
Sentencing Decisions ◽  
Race Effect ◽  
Gender And Age ◽  
Race Ethnicity ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Ethnicity And Gender ◽  
Gender Interactions

The current study adds to the literature examining the effects of race, ethnicity, gender, and age on sentencing decisions. The results indicate that Black and male defendants were more likely to be incarcerated in jail as opposed to receiving a probation sentence than White and female defendants. When race, ethnicity, and gender interactions were considered, it appeared that the race effect was driven by Black males’ reduced likelihood to receive probation as opposed to jail. Black females were the least likely to be jailed. Age interactions revealed that being young disadvantaged Black males but advantaged other groups. The decision to incarcerate a defendant in jail versus prison was not significantly influenced by race, ethnicity, or gender. When sentence length was examined, Black males received significantly shorter jail sentences than all groups except Black females. When age was considered, Hispanic defendants 30–39 received longer jail sentences than almost every group.

scholarly journals Who Is Not Linking to HIV Care in Tennessee — the Benefits of an Intersectional Approach

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leslie J. Pierce ◽  
Peter Rebeiro ◽  
Meredith Brantley ◽  
Errol L. Fields ◽  
Cathy A. Jenkins ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Black Males ◽  
Proportional Hazards ◽  
Cox Proportional Hazards ◽  
Hiv Care ◽  
Older Individuals ◽  
Hiv Diagnosis ◽  
Race And Gender ◽  
Targeted Interventions ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Linkage To Hiv Care

Abstract Introduction Guided by an intersectional approach, we assessed the association between social categories (individual and combined) on time to linkage to HIV care in Tennessee. Methods Tennessee residents diagnosed with HIV from 2012-2016 were included in the analysis (n=3750). Linkage was defined by the first CD4 or HIV RNA test date after HIV diagnosis. We used Cox proportional hazards models to assess the association of time to linkage with individual-level variables. We modeled interactions between race, age, gender, and HIV acquisition risk factor (RF), to understand how these variables jointly influence linkage to care. Results Age, race, and gender/RF weAima A. Ahonkhaire strong individual (p < 0.001 for each) and joint predictors of time to linkage to HIV care (p < 0.001 for interaction). Older individuals were more likely to link to care (aHR comparing 40 vs. 30 years, 1.20, 95%CI 1.11-1.29). Blacks were less likely to link to care than Whites (aHR= 0.73, 95% CI: 0.67-0.79). Men who have sex with men (MSM) (aHR = 1.18, 95%CI: 1.03-1.34) and heterosexually active females (females) (aHR = 1.32, 95%CI: 1.14-1.53) were more likely to link to care than heterosexually active males. The three-way interaction between age, race, and gender/RF showed that Black males overall and young, heterosexually active Black males in particular were least likely to establish care. Conclusions Racial disparities persist in establishing HIV care in Tennessee, but data highlighting the combined influence of age, race, gender, and sexual orientation suggest that heterosexually active Black males should be an important focus of targeted interventions for linkage to HIV care.

A Meta-Analysis on the Relationship Between Prayer and Student Outcomes

2020 ◽  
Vol 52 (8) ◽  
pp. 1223-1237 ◽  
Author(s):  
William Jeynes
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Urban Schools ◽  
Student Outcomes ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Behavioral Outcomes ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Race And Gender ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The Relationship

A meta-analysis, including 13 studies, was undertaken on the relationship between the exercise of student prayer and academic and behavioral outcomes in urban schools. Analyses both with and without sophisticated controls (e.g., socioeconomic status, race, and gender) were used. Additional analyses were done to determine whether the effects of prayer differed by the quality of the study. The results indicated that the exercise of prayer is associated with better levels of student outcomes. Moreover, the effects of prayer were greater for high-quality studies. The significance of these results is discussed.

scholarly journals Visualizing Police Exposure by Race, Gender, and Age in New York City

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 237802311982891 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kalisha Dessources Figures ◽  
Joscha Legewie
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
New York City ◽  
Black Men ◽  
York City ◽  
Adult Life ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Race And Gender ◽  
Gender And Age ◽  
Hispanic Men ◽  
And Gender

This figure depicts the disparities in average police stops in New York City from 2004 to 2012, disaggregated by race, gender, and age. Composed of six bar charts, each graph in the figure provides data for a particular population at the intersection of race and gender, focusing on black, white, and Hispanic men and women. Each graph also has a comparative backdrop of the data on police stops for black males. All graphs take a similar parabolic shape, showing that across each race-gender group, pedestrian stops increase in adolescence and peek in young adulthood, then taper off across the adult life course. However, the heights of these parabolic representations are vastly different. There are clear disparities in police exposure based on race and gender, with black men and women being more likely than their peers to be policed and with black men being policed significantly more than their female counterparts.

Focal Concerns and Police Use of Force

2011 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 366-387 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew S. Crow ◽  
Brittany Adrion
Keyword(s):  
Police Officers ◽  
Theoretical Perspective ◽  
Use Of Force ◽  
Police Department ◽  
Medium Size ◽  
Race And Gender ◽  
Logistic Regression Models ◽  
Focal Concerns ◽  
Public Media ◽  
And Gender

The use of force by police officers is a regular source of interest among the public, media, scholars, and criminal justice professionals. Tasers have emerged as an important and increasingly popular technology for police departments. Despite the increasing adoption and use of Tasers and the controversy surrounding their use, relatively little prior research examines the factors associated with Taser use by police officers. Guided by the focal concerns theoretical perspective, the current study uses data from a medium-size police department to analyze the factors that influence Taser use. Logistic regression models provide evidence that Taser use is influenced by suspect resistance as well as the race and gender of the suspect involved. Implications for policy and research are discussed.

Do Ethnicity, Age, or Gender Independently Predict Overall Survival in Patients with Acute Myeloid Leukemia – a SEER Review of AML Diagnosis from 2004-2007.

Blood ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 124 (21) ◽  
pp. 1269-1269 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammed N Kanaan ◽  
Utkarsh H Acharya ◽  
Haiyan Cui ◽  
Denise J Roe
Keyword(s):  
Overall Survival ◽  
Hazard Ratio ◽  
Myelogenous Leukemia ◽  
Seer Database ◽  
Race And Gender ◽  
Female Patients ◽  
West Region ◽  
Gender And Age ◽  
Male Patients ◽  
And Gender

Abstract Background: Acute Myelogenous Leukemia (AML) portends a poor prognosis accounting for substantial morbidity and mortality among hematologic malignancies. While studies have reported that older age, adverse cytogenetics, and molecular markers implicate survival, there is a considerable scarcity of epidemiologic literature to enhance our understanding of this disease. We aimed to study the epidemiology and survival outcome of AML and its correlation with the age, race, gender and region of diagnosis by reviewing the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Result Program (SEER database). Methods: The SEER database (version 8.1.5) was reviewed for patients with histologically confirmed non APL-AML (ICD-O-3) between 2004-2007. Age of included patients ranged from 15 years to 90 years. Collected variables in the analysis included: date of diagnosis, age at diagnosis, gender, ethnicity, location of diagnosis, reported intervals of follow up and 3- year overall survival (OS). Primary outcome was 3-year median OS correlation with age, race and gender. All SEER registries were included in the analysis. Data were analyzed using Kaplan Meier and Cox proportional hazard regression model. Results: A total of 13,238 pts with non APL-AML were included between 2004 and 2007. The mean age in was 61.6 years. The Caucasian to non-Caucasian race ratio was 5:1 and male to Female ratio was 7:6. The 3-year overall survival was statistically significant for ethnicity as non-Caucasian group had better 3 year OS (26.8%) compared with Caucasians (23.45 %, p = 0.0009). However, the association with overall survival based on ethnicity was not significant after adjusting for region, gender and age (p = 0.5881). When examining for gender, female patients demonstrated improved 3 year OS compared with male patients which held true irrespective of region, race, or age (p = 0.0036). OS was also associated with region of diagnosis as patients in East region had better survival when compared with patients in West region (HR 0.96). The patients in South and Midwest regions had poorer survival when compared with the West region (HR 1.01 and 1.13, respectively). This survival difference was statistically significant after adjusting for age, race and gender. Interestingly, when OS was analyzed according to age, the hazard ratio increased by 20% with every 5 year increment in age despite adjustments for region, race, and gender (p < 0.001). Conclusion: Non APL-AML OS was statistically associated with gender, race, age and region of diagnosis. Non-Caucasian group had better OS compared with Caucasians. However, this association was not significant after adjusting for region, gender and age. However, female patients demonstrated improved 3 year OS compared with male patients after adjusting for confounding factors. Association with region showed statistically significant difference according to region of diagnosis favoring those diagnosed in the East. Interestingly, when OS was analyzed according to age, the hazard ratio increased by 20% with every 5 year increment in age despite adjustments for region, race, and gender. This study suggest that female gender may serve as a favorable risk factor in AML and further confirms that advancing age may confer inferior survival in this disease population. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

Excess mortality from COVID and non-COVID causes in minority populations

2021 ◽  
Vol 118 (39) ◽  
pp. e2101386118 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher J. Cronin ◽  
William N. Evans
Keyword(s):  
Excess Mortality ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Hispanic Males ◽  
Excess Death ◽  
Life Years ◽  
Life Years Lost ◽  
Race Ethnicity ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Death Count ◽  
Excess Deaths

The 2020 US mortality totaled 2.8 million after early March, which is 17.3% higher than age-population–weighted mortality over the same time interval in 2017 to 2019, for a total excess death count of 413,592. We use data on weekly death counts by cause, as well as life tables, to quantify excess mortality and life years lost from both COVID-19 and non–COVID-19 causes by race/ethnicity, age, and gender/sex. Excess mortality from non–COVID-19 causes is substantial and much more heavily concentrated among males and minorities, especially Black, non-Hispanic males, than COVID-19 deaths. Thirty-four percent of the excess life years lost for males is from non–COVID-19 causes. While minorities represent 36% of COVID-19 deaths, they represent 70% of non–COVID-19 related excess deaths and 58% of non–COVID-19 excess life years lost. Black, non-Hispanic males represent only 6.9% of the population, but they are responsible for 8.9% of COVID-19 deaths and 28% of 2020 excess deaths from non–COVID-19 causes. For this group, nearly half of the excess life years lost in 2020 are due to non–COVID-19 causes.

scholarly journals Racial/Ethnic Disparities in US Adolescents’ Dietary Quality and Its Modification by Weight-Related Factors and Physical Activity

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (23) ◽  
pp. 4803 ◽  
Author(s):  
Furong Xu ◽  
Steven A. Cohen ◽  
Mary L. Greaney ◽  
Disa L. Hatfield ◽  
Geoffrey W. Greene
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Ethnic Disparities ◽  
Dietary Quality ◽  
Quality Data ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
Hispanic Males ◽  
Hispanic Females ◽  
Race Ethnicity ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Racial Ethnic

There are well-known disparities in the prevalence of obesity across racial-ethnic groups, although the behavioral and psychological factors driving these disparities are less well understood. Therefore, the objectives of this study were: (1) to examine differences in dietary quality by race/ethnicity and weight-related variables [body mass index (BMI), weight loss attempt, and weight dissatisfaction] and physical activity (PA) using the Health Eating Index-2015 (HEI-2015); and (2) to investigate the interactions and independent associations of race/ethnicity, weight-related variables and PA on dietary quality. Data for adolescents aged 12–19 years (n = 3373) were abstracted from the 2007–2014 National Health and Nutrition and Examination Survey and analyzed using multiple PROC SURVEYREG, adjusting for demographics and accounting for complex sampling. Analyses determined that Hispanic males had better overall HEI-2015 scores than non-Hispanic whites (48.4 ± 0.5 vs. 45.7 ± 0.6, p = 0.003) or blacks (48.4 ± 0.5 vs. 45.5 ± 0.5, p < 0.001). Hispanic females also had better dietary quality than non-Hispanic whites (50.2 ± 0.4 vs. 47.5 ± 0.5, p < 0.001) and blacks (50.2 ± 0.4 vs. 47.1 ± 0.5, p < 0.001). Meeting the PA recommendation modified racial/ethnic differences in dietary quality for females (p = 0.011) and this was primarily driven by the associations among non-Hispanic white females (ΔR2 = 2.6%, p = 0.0004). The study identified racial/ethnic and gender differences among adolescents in factors that may promote obesity. Results may be useful for obesity prevention efforts designed to reduce health disparities in adolescents.

La Malinche at the Intersection: Race and Gender in Down These Mean Streets

PMLA ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 113 (1) ◽  
pp. 117-128 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marta E. Sánchez
Keyword(s):  
Puerto Rican ◽  
Female Gender ◽  
Gender And Sexuality ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Chicana Literature ◽  
Race And Gender ◽  
La Malinche ◽  
Race Ethnicity ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The 1960S

Piri Thomas's Down These Mean Streets (1967) challenges binary notions of whiteness and blackness by valorizing a third term—mestizaje. And yet the novel enlists dominant views of female gender and sexuality to affirm the protagonist's ethnic male identity. In my Chicana feminist reading of this Puerto Rican text, I import the reinterpreted figure La Malinche and its companion figure La Chingada—prevailing tropes in Chicano and Chicana literature and discourse of the 1960s—to illuminate the complex intersections of race, ethnicity, gender, sexuality, and class. These intersections are key to social analyses that transcend binary conceptions of race and paradigms of dominant and subaltern.

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