Black Conquistadors: Armed Africans in Early Spanish America

2000 ◽  
Vol 57 (2) ◽  
pp. 171-205 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew Restall
Keyword(s):  
Puerto Rico ◽  
New Spain ◽  
Spanish America ◽  
San Juan ◽  
Black Resident ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Diego Velazquez

“I, Juan Garrido, black resident [de color negro vecino] of this city [Mexico], appear before Your Mercy and state that I am in need of making aprobanzato the perpetuity of the king [a perpetuad rey], a report on how I served Your Majesty in the conquest and pacification of this New Spain, from the time when the Marqués del Valle [Cortés] entered it; and in his company I was present at all the invasions and conquests and pacifications which were carried out, always with the said Marqués, all of which I did at my own expense without being given either salary or allotment of natives [repartimiento de indios] or anything else. As I am married and a resident of this city, where I have always lived; and also as I went with the Marqués del Valle to discover the islands which are in that part of the southern sea [the Pacific] where there was much hunger and privation; and also as I went to discover and pacify the islands of San Juan de Buriquén de Puerto Rico; and also as I went on the pacification and conquest of the island of Cuba with theadelantadoDiego Velázquez; in all these ways for thirty years have I served and continue to serve Your Majesty—for these reasons stated above do I petition Your Mercy. And also because I was the first to have the inspiration to sow maize here in New Spain and to see if it took; I did this and experimented at my own expense.”

scholarly journals Los infortunios de Alonso Ramírez y el pacífico de los ibéricos = The Misfortunes of Alonso Ramírez and the Pacific of the Iberians

2020 ◽  
pp. 139
Author(s):  
Carlos Martínez Shaw ◽  
Marina Alfonso Mola
Keyword(s):  
Puerto Rico ◽  
New Spain ◽  
World History ◽  
Spanish Empire ◽  
Brazilian Coast ◽  
South East Asia ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Times

Los Infortunios de Alonso Ramírez es una biografía, escrita casi al dictado por el erudito mexicano Carlos de Sigüenza, que narra las aventuras de un criollo de Puerto Rico que abandona su patria y se traslada sucesivamente a Cuba y Nueva España, hasta llegar en 1684 a las Islas Filipinas. Embarcado en una fragata española, es capturado por la nave corsaria inglesa Cygnet, donde como cautivo asiste a las operaciones piráticas de sus captores en el Sudeste de Asia hasta la disolución de la sociedad criminal en aguas brasileñas. El relato de Alonso Ramírez sirve para ampliar nuestros conocimientos sobre el Pacífico y el Índico a finales del siglo XVII y se convierte así en una aportación singular a la historia del imperio español en Asia e incluso a la historia universal en la época de la primera globalización, que algunos autores llaman rotundamente la época de la globalización ibérica.AbstractInfortunios de Alonso Ramírez is a biography, written by the Mexican author Carlos de Sigüenza, that tells the adventures of a criollo born in Puerto Rico, who travels to Cuba, New Spain and, finally, in 1684, to the Philippine Islands. On board of a Spanish frigate, he is seized by the Cygnet, an English privateer ship, where, as a captive, he attends the piratic actions of the seamen in South East Asia until the end of the criminal society in the Brazilian coast. This narrative helps to enlarge our knowledge about the Pacific and Indian Oceans at the end of the XVIIth century, so becoming a meaningful contribution to the History of the Spanish Empire in Asiaa and even to the World History in the times of the first globalization, that some authors openly call the times of the Iberian globalization.

To Sin No More

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Rex Galindo
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Native Americans ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
New Spain ◽  
New World ◽  
Spanish America ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Spanish Atlantic ◽  
Franciscan Order

For 300 years, Franciscans were at the forefront of the spread of Catholicism in the New World. In the late seventeenth century, Franciscans developed a far-reaching, systematic missionary program in Spain and the Americas. After founding the first college of propaganda fide in the Mexican city of Querétaro, the Franciscan Order established six additional colleges in New Spain, ten in South America, and twelve in Spain. From these colleges Franciscans proselytized Native Americans in frontier territories as well as Catholics in rural and urban areas in eighteenth-century Spain and Spanish America. This is the first book to study these colleges, their missionaries, and their multifaceted, sweeping missionary programs. By focusing on the recruitment of non-Catholics to Catholicism as well as the deepening of religious fervor among Catholics, the book shows how the Franciscan colleges expanded and shaped popular Catholicism in the eighteenth-century Spanish Atlantic world. This book explores the motivations driving Franciscan friars, their lives inside the colleges, their training, and their ministry among Catholics, an often-overlooked duty that paralleled missionary deployments. It argues that Franciscan missionaries aimed to reform or “reawaken” Catholic parishioners just as much as they sought to convert non-Christian Native Americans.

scholarly journals Temporal and Spatial Blood Feeding Patterns of Urban Mosquitoes in the San Juan Metropolitan Area, Puerto Rico

Insects ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 129
Author(s):  
Matthew W. Hopken ◽  
Limarie J. Reyes-Torres ◽  
Nicole Scavo ◽  
Antoinette J. Piaggio ◽  
Zaid Abdo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Puerto Rico ◽  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
Metropolitan Area ◽  
Culex Quinquefasciatus ◽  
Urban Ecosystems ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
Pathogen Transmission ◽  
San Juan ◽  
Vertebrate Species ◽  
Blood Meals

Urban ecosystems are a patchwork of habitats that host a broad diversity of animal species. Insects comprise a large portion of urban biodiversity which includes many pest species, including those that transmit pathogens. Mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) inhabit urban environments and rely on sympatric vertebrate species to complete their life cycles, and in this process transmit pathogens to animals and humans. Given that mosquitoes feed upon vertebrates, they can also act as efficient samplers that facilitate detection of vertebrate species that utilize urban ecosystems. In this study, we analyzed DNA extracted from mosquito blood meals collected temporally in multiple neighborhoods of the San Juan Metropolitan Area, Puerto Rico to evaluate the presence of vertebrate fauna. DNA was collected from 604 individual mosquitoes that represented two common urban species, Culex quinquefasciatus (n = 586) and Aedes aegypti (n = 18). Culex quinquefasciatus fed on 17 avian taxa (81.2% of blood meals), seven mammalian taxa (17.9%), and one reptilian taxon (0.85%). Domestic chickens dominated these blood meals both temporally and spatially, and no statistically significant shift from birds to mammals was detected. Aedes aegypti blood meals were from a less diverse group, with two avian taxa (11.1%) and three mammalian taxa (88.9%) identified. The blood meals we identified provided a snapshot of the vertebrate community in the San Juan Metropolitan Area and have potential implications for vector-borne pathogen transmission.

scholarly journals Rainfall interception by six urban trees in San Juan, Puerto Rico

2018 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 103-115 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher J. Nytch ◽  
Elvia J. Meléndez-Ackerman ◽  
María-Eglée Pérez ◽  
Jorge R. Ortiz-Zayas
Keyword(s):  
Puerto Rico ◽  
Urban Trees ◽  
San Juan ◽  
Rainfall Interception

A community-based test of a linguistic hypothesis

1996 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-111 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Cameron
Keyword(s):  
Puerto Rico ◽  
Puerto Rican ◽  
San Juan ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Functional Compensation ◽  
Puerto Rican Spanish ◽  
Null Subject ◽  
Stratified Sample ◽  
Compensation Hypothesis

ABSTRACTThe Functional Compensation Hypothesis (Hochberg 1986a, b) interprets frequent expression of pronominal subjects as compensation for frequent deletion of agreement marking on finite verbs in Puerto Rican Spanish (PRS). Specifically, this applies to 2sg.túwhere variably deleted word-final -smarks agreement. If the hypothesis is correct, finite verbs with agreement deleted in speech should co-occur more frequently with pronominal subjects than finite verbs with agreement intact. Likewise, social dialects which frequently delete agreement should show higher rates of pronominal expression than social dialects which less frequently delete agreement. These auxiliary hypotheses are tested across a socially stratified sample of 62 speakers from San Juan. Functional compensation does show stylistic and social patterning in the category of Specifictú, not in that of Non-specifictú. However, Non-specifictúis the key to frequency differences between -s-deleting PRS and -s-conserving Madrid; hence the Functional Compensation Hypothesis should be discarded. (Functionalism, compensation, null subject, analogy, Spanish, Puerto Rico)

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