scholarly journals Patterning with clocks and genetic cascades: Segmentation and regionalization of vertebrate versus insect body plans

PLoS Genetics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (10) ◽  
pp. e1009812
Author(s):  
Margarete Diaz-Cuadros ◽  
Olivier Pourquié ◽  
Ezzat El-Sherif
Keyword(s):  
Lateral Root ◽  
Root Formation ◽  
Fruit Fly ◽  
Formation Mechanisms ◽  
Molecular Clocks ◽  
Spatial Patterning ◽  
Spatial Regulation ◽  
Embryonic Tissues ◽  
Vertebrate Limb ◽  
Anterior Posterior

Oscillatory and sequential processes have been implicated in the spatial patterning of many embryonic tissues. For example, molecular clocks delimit segmental boundaries in vertebrates and insects and mediate lateral root formation in plants, whereas sequential gene activities are involved in the specification of regional identities of insect neuroblasts, vertebrate neural tube, vertebrate limb, and insect and vertebrate body axes. These processes take place in various tissues and organisms, and, hence, raise the question of what common themes and strategies they share. In this article, we review 2 processes that rely on the spatial regulation of periodic and sequential gene activities: segmentation and regionalization of the anterior–posterior (AP) axis of animal body plans. We study these processes in species that belong to 2 different phyla: vertebrates and insects. By contrasting 2 different processes (segmentation and regionalization) in species that belong to 2 distantly related phyla (arthropods and vertebrates), we elucidate the deep logic of patterning by oscillatory and sequential gene activities. Furthermore, in some of these organisms (e.g., the fruit fly Drosophila), a mode of AP patterning has evolved that seems not to overtly rely on oscillations or sequential gene activities, providing an opportunity to study the evolution of pattern formation mechanisms.

Lateral root formation and nutrients: nitrogen in the spotlight

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pierre-Mathieu Pélissier ◽  
Hans Motte ◽  
Tom Beeckman
Keyword(s):  
Signaling Pathways ◽  
Root System ◽  
Root Development ◽  
Lateral Root ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Root Formation ◽  
Lateral Roots ◽  
Nutrient Use Efficiency ◽  
Lateral Root Formation ◽  
Lateral Root Development

Abstract Lateral roots are important to forage for nutrients due to their ability to increase the uptake area of a root system. Hence, it comes as no surprise that lateral root formation is affected by nutrients or nutrient starvation, and as such contributes to the root system plasticity. Understanding the molecular mechanisms regulating root adaptation dynamics towards nutrient availability is useful to optimize plant nutrient use efficiency. There is at present a profound, though still evolving, knowledge on lateral root pathways. Here, we aimed to review the intersection with nutrient signaling pathways to give an update on the regulation of lateral root development by nutrients, with a particular focus on nitrogen. Remarkably, it is for most nutrients not clear how lateral root formation is controlled. Only for nitrogen, one of the most dominant nutrients in the control of lateral root formation, the crosstalk with multiple key signals determining lateral root development is clearly shown. In this update, we first present a general overview of the current knowledge of how nutrients affect lateral root formation, followed by a deeper discussion on how nitrogen signaling pathways act on different lateral root-mediating mechanisms for which multiple recent studies yield insights.

Nodulation ofPhaseolus vulgarisbyRhizobium etliis enhanced by the presence ofBacillus

1997 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Srinivasan ◽  
F. B. Holl ◽  
D. J. Petersen
Keyword(s):  
Phaseolus Vulgaris ◽  
Lateral Root ◽  
Root Formation ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Plant Roots ◽  
Rhizobium Etli ◽  
Phaseolus Acutifolius ◽  
Plant Interaction ◽  
Split Root ◽  
Bacillus Spp

The ability of Bacillus spp. to alter the nodulation of Phaseolus vulgaris by Rhizobium etli was assessed. The simultaneous presence of both Rhizobium etli TAL 182 and Bacillus megaterium S49 on plant roots during the early stages of plant growth was necessary for enhanced nodulation of Phaseolus vulgaris by the Rhizobium microsymbiont. Coinoculation with both bacterial species also facilitated heterologous nodulation of Rhizobium TAL 182 on Phaseolus acutifolius. These results are consistent with earlier reports of increased root hair proliferation and lateral root formation in response to coinoculation. Split-root experiments revealed that coinoculation partially suppressed host-controlled regulation of nodulation, implicating a plant interaction with the two bacterial species. Changes to the nodulation potential of R. etli due to coinoculation with Bacillus spp. demonstrate the potential for root-associated organisms other than rhizobia to alter the dynamics of the legume–Rhizobium symbiosis.Key words: Bacillus, nodulation enhancement, heterologous nodulation.

scholarly journals Involvement of cytokinins in adventitious and lateral root formation

Plant Root ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 27-33 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takeshi Kuroha ◽  
Shinobu Satoh
Keyword(s):  
Lateral Root ◽  
Root Formation ◽  
Lateral Root Formation

scholarly journals Cross–talk between nitric oxide and Ca2+in elevated CO2-induced lateral root formation

2013 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. e23106 ◽  
Author(s):  
Huan Wang ◽  
Yaofang Niu ◽  
Rushan Chai ◽  
Miao Liu ◽  
Yongsong Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Elevated Co2 ◽  
Cross Talk ◽  
Lateral Root ◽  
Root Formation ◽  
Lateral Root Formation

scholarly journals ARF7 and ARF19 Regulate Lateral Root Formation via Direct Activation of LBD/ASL Genes in Arabidopsis

2007 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 118-130 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yoko Okushima ◽  
Hidehiro Fukaki ◽  
Makoto Onoda ◽  
Athanasios Theologis ◽  
Masao Tasaka
Keyword(s):  
Lateral Root ◽  
Root Formation ◽  
Lateral Root Formation ◽  
Direct Activation

scholarly journals Circadian Control of Global Transcription

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shujing Li ◽  
Luoying Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Transcription Factors ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Fruit Fly ◽  
Biological Pathways ◽  
Model Organisms ◽  
Molecular Clocks ◽  
Rhythmic Expression ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Circadian Control ◽  
And Behavior

Circadian rhythms exist in most if not all organisms on the Earth and manifest in various aspects of physiology and behavior. These rhythmic processes are believed to be driven by endogenous molecular clocks that regulate rhythmic expression of clock-controlled genes (CCGs). CCGs consist of a significant portion of the genome and are involved in diverse biological pathways. The transcription of CCGs is tuned by rhythmic actions of transcription factors and circadian alterations in chromatin. Here, we review the circadian control of CCG transcription in five model organisms that are widely used, including cyanobacterium, fungus, plant, fruit fly, and mouse. Comparing the similarity and differences in the five organisms could help us better understand the function of the circadian clock, as well as its output mechanisms adapted to meet the demands of diverse environmental conditions.

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