Lateral root formation and nutrients: nitrogen in the spotlight

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pierre-Mathieu Pélissier ◽  
Hans Motte ◽  
Tom Beeckman
Keyword(s):  
Signaling Pathways ◽  
Root System ◽  
Root Development ◽  
Lateral Root ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Root Formation ◽  
Lateral Roots ◽  
Nutrient Use Efficiency ◽  
Lateral Root Formation ◽  
Lateral Root Development

Abstract Lateral roots are important to forage for nutrients due to their ability to increase the uptake area of a root system. Hence, it comes as no surprise that lateral root formation is affected by nutrients or nutrient starvation, and as such contributes to the root system plasticity. Understanding the molecular mechanisms regulating root adaptation dynamics towards nutrient availability is useful to optimize plant nutrient use efficiency. There is at present a profound, though still evolving, knowledge on lateral root pathways. Here, we aimed to review the intersection with nutrient signaling pathways to give an update on the regulation of lateral root development by nutrients, with a particular focus on nitrogen. Remarkably, it is for most nutrients not clear how lateral root formation is controlled. Only for nitrogen, one of the most dominant nutrients in the control of lateral root formation, the crosstalk with multiple key signals determining lateral root development is clearly shown. In this update, we first present a general overview of the current knowledge of how nutrients affect lateral root formation, followed by a deeper discussion on how nitrogen signaling pathways act on different lateral root-mediating mechanisms for which multiple recent studies yield insights.

scholarly journals Mepiquat chloride promotes cotton lateral root formation by modulating plant hormone homeostasis

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Qian Wu ◽  
Mingwei Du ◽  
Jie Wu ◽  
Ning Wang ◽  
Baomin Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Root Development ◽  
Lateral Root ◽  
Seed Treatment ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Root Formation ◽  
Lateral Root Formation ◽  
Mepiquat Chloride ◽  
Auxin Level ◽  
Lateral Root Development

Abstract Background Mepiquat chloride (MC), a plant growth regulator, enhances root growth by promoting lateral root formation in cotton. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms of this phenomenon is still unknown. Methods In this study, we used 10 cotton (Gossypium hirsutum Linn.) cultivars to perform a seed treatment with MC to investigate lateral root formation, and selected a MC sensitive cotton cultivar for dynamic monitor of root growth and transcriptome analysis during lateral root development upon MC seed treatment. Results The results showed that MC treated seeds promotes the lateral root formation in a dosage-depended manner and the effective promotion region is within 5 cm from the base of primary root. MC treated seeds induce endogenous auxin level by altering gene expression of both gibberellin (GA) biosynthesis and signaling and abscisic acid (ABA) signaling. Meanwhile, MC treated seeds differentially express genes involved in indole acetic acid (IAA) synthesis and transport. Furthermore, MC-induced IAA regulates the expression of genes related to cell cycle and division for lateral root development. Conclusions Our data suggest that MC orchestrates GA and ABA metabolism and signaling, which further regulates auxin biosynthesis, transport, and signaling to promote the cell division responsible for lateral root formation.

scholarly journals Development of Root Architecture in Thirty-seven Tree Species of Field Grown Nursery Stock1

2020 ◽  
Vol 38 (4) ◽  
pp. 143-148
Author(s):  
G. W. Watson ◽  
A.M. Hewitt
Keyword(s):  
Root System ◽  
Root Development ◽  
Lateral Root ◽  
Root Architecture ◽  
Lateral Roots ◽  
Acer Rubrum ◽  
Acer Pseudoplatanus ◽  
Lateral Root Development ◽  
Nursery Production ◽  
One Year

Abstract The number and size of lateral roots of a tree seedling can be evaluated visually, and could potentially be used to select plants with better root systems early in nursery production. To evaluate how root architecture develops in young trees, root architecture of 37 species of trees was compared at two stages of development: as harvested seedlings, and then one year after replanting. The total number of lateral roots and the number of roots >2mm (0.08 in) diameter that were present on the portion of the taproot remaining on seedlings after standard root pruning were recorded. Neither could consistently predict the number of lateral roots on the root system one year after replanting. Development of roots (sum of diameters) regenerated from the cut end of the seedling taproot was equal or greater than lateral root development in 84 percent of evaluated species. Even when regenerated root development was significantly less than lateral root development, the regenerated roots still comprised up to 44 percent of the root system. Regenerated roots from the cut end of the taproot can become a major component of the architecture of the structural root system in nursery stock. Index words: structural roots, nursery production, root regeneration. Species used in this study: European black alder (Alnus glutinosa Gaertn.), green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marshall), quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.), European white birch. (Betula pendula Roth), river birch (Betula nigra L.), black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.), northern catalpa (Catalpa speciosa (Warder) Warder ex Engelm.), Mazzard cherry [Prunus avium [L.) L.], chokecherry (Prunus virginiana L.), American elm (Ulmus americana L.), Siberian elm (Ulmus pumilia L.), goldenchain tree (Laburnum anagyroides Medik.), northern hackberry (Celtis occidentalis L.), Cockspur hawthorn (Crateagus crus-galli L.), single seed hawthorn (Crateagus monogyna Jacq.), honeylocust (Gleditsia tricanthos L.), Japanese pagodatree [Sophora japonica (L.) Schott], Katsura tree (Cercidiphyllum japonicum Siebold & Zucc.), Kentucky coffee tree [Gymnocladus dioicus (L.) K. Koch], littleleaf linden (Tilia cordata Mill.), boxelder (Acer negundo L.), hedge maple (Acer campestre L.), Norway maple (Acer platanoides L.), red maple (Acer rubrum L.), silver maple (Acer saccharinum L.), sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marshall), sycamore maple (Acer pseudoplatanus L.), English Oak (Quercus robur L.), northern red oak (Quercus rubra L.), Siberian peashrub (Caragana arborescens Lam.), American plum (Prunus Americana Marshall ), Myrobalan plum (Prunus cerasifera Ehrh.), redbud (Cercis Canadensis L.), Russian olive (Elaeagnus angustifoliaI L.), tuliptree (Liriodendron tulipifera L.), black walnut (Juglans nigra L.), Japanese zelkova (Zelkova serrata (Thunb.) Makino).

scholarly journals Interplay of Auxin and Cytokinin in Lateral Root Development

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 486 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hongwei Jing ◽  
Lucia Strader
Keyword(s):  
Lateral Root ◽  
Root Formation ◽  
Plant Root ◽  
Lateral Roots ◽  
Root System Architecture ◽  
Regulatory Mechanisms ◽  
Lateral Root Formation ◽  
Lateral Root Development ◽  
The Past ◽  
Plant Root System

The spacing and distribution of lateral roots are critical determinants of plant root system architecture. In addition to providing anchorage, lateral roots explore the soil to acquire water and nutrients. Over the past several decades, we have deepened our understanding of the regulatory mechanisms governing lateral root formation and development. In this review, we summarize these recent advances and provide an overview of how auxin and cytokinin coordinate the regulation of lateral root formation and development.

scholarly journals The expa1-1 mutant reveals a new biophysical lateral root organogenesis checkpoint

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Priya Ramakrishna ◽  
Graham A Rance ◽  
Lam Dai Vu ◽  
Evan Murphy ◽  
Kamal Swarup ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Division ◽  
Root System ◽  
Lateral Root ◽  
Root Formation ◽  
Lateral Roots ◽  
Lateral Root Formation ◽  
Asymmetric Cell Divisions ◽  
Cell Divisions ◽  
Root Organogenesis ◽  
Pericycle Cells

ABSTRACTIn plants, post-embryonic formation of new organs helps shape the adult organism. This requires the tight regulation of when and where a new organ is formed, and a coordination of the underlying cell divisions. To build a root system, new lateral roots are continuously developing, and this process requires asymmetric cell division in adjacent pericycle cells. Characterization of an expansin a1 (expa1) mutant has revealed a novel checkpoint during lateral root formation. Specifically, a minimal pericycle width was found to be necessary and sufficient to trigger asymmetric pericycle cell divisions during auxin-driven lateral root formation. We conclude that a localized radial expansion of adjacent pericycle cells is required to position the asymmetric cell divisions and generate a core of small daughter cells, which is a prerequisite for lateral root organogenesis.SIGNFICANCE STATEMENTOrgan formation is an essential process in plants and animals, driven by cell division and cell identity establishment. Root branching, where lateral roots form along the primary root axis, increases the root system and aids capture of water and nutrients. We have discovered that tight control of cell width is necessary to co-ordinate asymmetric cell divisions in cells that give rise to a new lateral root organ. While biomechanical processes have been shown to play a role in plant organogenesis, including lateral root formation, our data give new mechanistic insights into the cell size checkpoint during lateral root initiation.

scholarly journals CLE-CLAVATA1 Signaling Pathway Modulates Lateral Root Development under Sulfur Deficiency

Plants ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 103 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wei Dong ◽  
Yinghua Wang ◽  
Hideki Takahashi
Keyword(s):  
Root Development ◽  
Lateral Root ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Plant Root ◽  
Root System Architecture ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Lateral Root Development ◽  
S Deficiency ◽  
Cle Peptide ◽  
Plant Root System

Plant root system architecture changes drastically in response to availability of macronutrients in the soil environment. Despite the importance of root sulfur (S) uptake in plant growth and reproduction, molecular mechanisms underlying root development in response to S availability have not been fully characterized. We report here on the signaling module composed of the CLAVATA3 (CLV3)/EMBRYO SURROUNDING REGION (CLE) peptide and CLAVATA1 (CLV1) leucine-rich repeat receptor kinase, which regulate lateral root (LR) development in Arabidopsis thaliana upon changes in S availability. The wild-type seedlings exposed to prolonged S deficiency showed a phenotype with low LR density, which was restored upon sulfate supply. In contrast, the clv1 mutant showed a higher daily increase rate of LR density relative to the wild-type under prolonged S deficiency, which was diminished to the wild-type level upon sulfate supply, suggesting that CLV1 directs a signal to inhibit LR development under S-deficient conditions. CLE2 and CLE3 transcript levels decreased under S deficiency and through CLV1-mediated feedback regulations, suggesting the levels of CLE peptide signals are adjusted during the course of LR development. This study demonstrates a fine-tuned mechanism for LR development coordinately regulated by CLE-CLV1 signaling and in response to changes in S availability.

scholarly journals The Rhizobium leguminosarum biovar trifolii ANU794 Induces Novel Developmental Responses on the Subterranean Clover Cultivar Woogenellup

2006 ◽  
Vol 19 (5) ◽  
pp. 471-479 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angela Carmen Morris ◽  
Michael Anthony Djordjevic
Keyword(s):  
Lateral Root ◽  
Rhizobium Leguminosarum ◽  
Root Formation ◽  
Fluorescent Protein ◽  
Lateral Roots ◽  
Hybrid Structures ◽  
Nodule Development ◽  
Lateral Root Formation ◽  
Low Efficiency ◽  
Developmental Responses

The clover-nodulating Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. trifolii ANU794 initiates normal root-nodule development with abnormally low efficiency on the Trifolium subterraneum cv. Woogenellup. The cellular and developmental responses of Woogenellup roots to the site- and dose-defined inoculation of green fluorescent protein (gfp)-labeled cells of ANU843 (nodulation proficient) and ANU794 was investigated using light, fluorescence, and confocal microscopy. Strain ANU794-gfp induced three primordia types and four developmental responses at the inoculation site: true or aberrant nodules (on 5 and 25% of plants, respectively), hybrid structures (20% of plants), or lateral roots (50% of plants). The novel hybrid structures possessed nodule and lateral root-like features and unusual vascular patterning. Strain ANU794-gfp induces lateral root formation by stimulating pericycle cell divisions at all nearby protoxylem poles. Only true nodules induced by ANU794-gfp contained intracellular bacteria. In contrast, strain ANU843-gfp induced nodules only and lateral root formation was suppressed at spot inoculation sites. Primordium types were distinguishable by the emission spectrum characteristics of phenolic UV-absorbing and fluorescent compounds that accumulate in primordium cells. Hybrid primordia contained (at least) two fluorescent cell populations, suggesting that they are chimeric. The results suggest that ANU794 may produce both nodule- and lateral root-generating signals simultaneously.

OPR3 is expressed in phloem cells and is vital for lateral root development in Arabidopsis

2013 ◽  
Vol 93 (2) ◽  
pp. 165-170 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shuaizhang Li ◽  
Jiajia Ma ◽  
Pei Liu
Keyword(s):  
Root Development ◽  
Lateral Root ◽  
Lateral Roots ◽  
Gus Activity ◽  
Auxin Biosynthesis ◽  
Lateral Root Development ◽  
Helix Loop Helix ◽  
Meja Treatment ◽  
Potential Binding ◽  
Temporal And Spatial

Li, S., Ma, J. and Liu, P. 2013. OPR3 is expressed in phloem cells and is vital for lateral root development in Arabidopsis. Can. J. Plant Sci. 93: 165–170. Jasmonates, a group of oxylipin phytohormones in angiosperms, play important roles in regulating plant growth and development and in responding to environmental stimuli. AtOPR3, a 12-oxo-phytodienoic acid (OPDA) reductase in Arabidopsis thaliana, has been proven to be vital in catalyzing jasmonate biosynthesis. Here, the temporal and spatial expression of AtOPR3 was investigated by promoter-GUS fusion in A. thaliana. In pOPR3::GUS transgenic plants, the GUS activity was detected in roots, leaves and all floral organs, and was highly induced by MeJA treatment. In addition, the GUS activity was principally detected in the phloem cells of the leaf veins. The sequence of the OPR3 promoter region was predicted to have 49 potential binding sites for transcription factors including the well-known Myc-like basic helix-loop-helix, GATA, MADS, MYB-like and Homeobox proteins. In consistent with an expression of OPR3 in lateral roots, there are more lateral roots in the opr3 mutant plants, in which OPR3 expression is knocking-out. In addition, the involvement of auxin biosynthesis in JA-regulated lateral root development is implied by our observation that the transcripts of ASA1, a gene involved in auxin biosynthesis, are decreased in opr3 plants.

scholarly journals A single cell view of the transcriptome during lateral root initiation in Arabidopsis thaliana

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hardik P. Gala ◽  
Amy Lanctot ◽  
Ken Jean-Baptiste ◽  
Sarah Guiziou ◽  
Jonah C. Chu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Single Cell ◽  
Root Development ◽  
Lateral Root ◽  
Lateral Roots ◽  
Primary Root ◽  
Root Initiation ◽  
Lateral Root Primordia ◽  
Lateral Root Development ◽  
Lateral Root Initiation ◽  
Molecular Events

AbstractRoot architecture is a major determinant of fitness, and is under constant modification in response to favorable and unfavorable environmental stimuli. Beyond impacts on the primary root, the environment can alter the position, spacing, density and length of secondary or lateral roots. Lateral root development is among the best-studied examples of plant organogenesis, yet there are still many unanswered questions about its earliest steps. Among the challenges faced in capturing these first molecular events is the fact that this process occurs in a small number of cells with unpredictable timing. Single-cell sequencing methods afford the opportunity to isolate the specific transcriptional changes occurring in cells undergoing this fate transition. Using this approach, we successfully captured the transcriptomes of initiating lateral root primordia, and discovered many previously unreported upregulated genes associated with this process. We developed a method to selectively repress target gene transcription in the xylem pole pericycle cells where lateral roots originate, and demonstrated that expression of several of these targets was required for normal root development. We also discovered novel subpopulations of cells in the pericycle and endodermal cell files that respond to lateral root initiation, highlighting the coordination across cell files required for this fate transition.One sentence summarySingle cell RNA sequencing reveals new molecular details about lateral root initiation, including the transcriptional impacts of the primordia on bordering cells.

scholarly journals Oak Taproot Growth Disruption Differentially Impacts Root Architecture during Nursery Production

Forests ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 798
Author(s):  
Shanon Hankin ◽  
Gary Watson
Keyword(s):  
Root Development ◽  
Lateral Root ◽  
Root Architecture ◽  
Lateral Roots ◽  
Production Methods ◽  
Lateral Root Development ◽  
Root Regeneration ◽  
Nursery Production ◽  
Growth Disruption ◽  
Taproot Pruning

For urban trees with strong taproots, a shift in root growth towards increased lateral root development could improve tree performance in compacted, poorly drained urban soils. In effort to achieve this desired shift, various propagation and production practices exist within the nursery industry. However, the effectiveness of practices used to disrupt taproot development, as well as their impact on root architecture, has been largely undocumented. To determine how seedling root systems respond to taproot growth disruption, we pruned oak seedling taproots either mechanically at 5 and/or 15 cm, or via air pruning at 15 cm. Taproot regeneration and lateral root development were evaluated after two years. Taproot pruning resulted in multiple regenerated taproots. The location and number of times the taproot(s) was pruned did not appear to alter the ultimate number. Mechanical taproot pruning did not affect lateral root development above the first pruning cut location at 5 or 15 cm, but generally increased the density of lateral roots below the pruning cut, likely due to the multiple taproots present. Most lateral roots were fine roots less than 1 mm in diameter (fine roots), being unlikely to become long-lived components of the root system architecture. The average number of lateral roots on air pruned (AP) seedlings was generally greater than on the same taproot segment of control (C) seedlings. To determine how these seedling changes impact the root regeneration of liner stock, we planted both taproot pruned and taproot air pruned seedlings in in-ground fabric bags filled with field soil (B) or directly into the field without bags (F). Root regeneration potential (RRP) at the bottom and lateral surfaces of the root ball were evaluated. There was less RRP on the lateral surface of the root ball in taproot air pruned, container-grown (CG) compared to taproot pruned, bare root (BR) bur oak liners, and there was no difference in red oak liners. The multiple taproots of mechanically pruned BR seedlings did not result in excessive taproot development as liners. In contrast, CG seedling taproots restricted by air pruning produced more regenerated taproots after transplanting. While seedling taproot growth disruption does disrupt the growth of a dominant single taproot and alters the architecture toward increasing the number of lateral roots, these practices do not result in laterally dominated root architecture at the liner stage of nursery production. Future research should determine how these production methods effect lateral root growth after a tree is established in the landscape and determine appropriate combinations of production methods for different species.

Effects of IAA, Kinetin, and Trifluralin on Cotton Seedlings

Weed Science ◽  
1971 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 265-268 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ghanem S. Hassawy ◽  
K. C. Hamilton
Keyword(s):  
Gossypium Hirsutum ◽  
Root Development ◽  
Lateral Root ◽  
Indoleacetic Acid ◽  
Lateral Roots ◽  
Primary Root ◽  
Lateral Root Development

Trifluralin (α,α,α-trifluoro-2,6-dinitro-N,N-dipropyl-p-toluidine), IAA (indoleacetic acid), kinetin (6-furfurylamino purine), and their combinations in culture solutions did not affect cotton (Gossypium hirsutumL., var. Deltapine Smooth Leaf) germination but reduced primary root and shoot lengths of seedlings. Trifluralin alone and in combination with IAA or kinetin inhibited lateral root development. When IAA and kinetin were both applied with 5 ppmw trifluralin, lateral roots developed.

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