scholarly journals Prevalence and Social Determinants of Smoking in 15 Countries from North Africa, Central and Western Asia, Latin America and Caribbean: Secondary Data Analyses of Demographic and Health Surveys

PLoS ONE ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. e0130104 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chandrashekhar T. Sreeramareddy ◽  
Pranil Man Singh Pradhan
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
North Africa ◽  
Social Determinants ◽  
Health Surveys ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Demographic And Health Surveys ◽  
Data Analyses ◽  
Western Asia ◽  
Latin America And Caribbean

scholarly journals Trends of caesarean section deliveries in Pakistan: secondary data analysis from Demographic and Health Surveys, 1990–2018

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Aaisha Amjad ◽  
Abeeha Imran ◽  
Nabeeha Shahram ◽  
Rubeena Zakar ◽  
Ahmed Usman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Caesarean Section ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Health Surveys ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Demographic And Health Surveys ◽  
Independent Variables ◽  
Economic Class ◽  
The Past ◽  
Child Bearing ◽  
Socio Demographic Factors

Abstract Background Pakistan is among those countries where the number of caesarean section births has increased unusually in the past two decades. Therefore, the aim of the present study is to analyse the trend of caesarean section deliveries among child-bearing women (aged 15–49 years) in Pakistan and to identify maternal socio-demographic factors and pregnancy-related variables associated with the change in caesarean deliveries from 1990 to 2018. Methods Secondary data from Pakistan Demographic and Health Surveys (1990–2018) were analysed. The analysis of data was confined to child-bearing mothers. Sample sizes were 4029, 5721, 7461 and 8287 for the time periods of 1990–91, 2006–07, 2012–13 and 2017–18, respectively. Socio-demographic information of the mothers and pregnancy-related variables were taken as independent variables for the present study. The association between independent variables and caesarean deliveries was measured in terms of unadjusted odds ratios (OR) and adjusted OR (AOR). Results The percentages of the mothers who had at least one delivery during the 5 years prior to each survey who had caesarean deliveries increased continuously from 3.2% in 1990–91 to 19.6% in 2017–18. Results indicate that mothers over 24 years of age, located in Punjab, from the richest socio-economic class and living in urban areas were more likely to have delivered by caesarean section. Mothers with a first child in birth order and who had five and more children, as well as mothers who had more antenatal care visits and delivered babies in private hospitals showed a higher probability of caesarean section births. Conclusions The findings of the present study confirm the gradual upsurge in the percentage of mothers delivering by caesarean section during the past two decades in Pakistan. Against this backdrop, some measures need to be taken by health departments to regulate the number of caesarean deliveries. Awareness among women about pregnancy complications and elaborated details by gynaecologists about the medically indicated reasons for caesarean delivery are a few important steps in Pakistan that can help in reducing caesarean deliveries which are not medically indicated.

scholarly journals Trends in educational and wealth inequalities in adult tobacco use in Nepal 2001–2016: secondary data analyses of four Demographic and Health Surveys

BMJ Open ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. e029712 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chandrashekhar T Sreeramareddy ◽  
Sam Harper
Keyword(s):  
Tobacco Use ◽  
Health Surveys ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Vulnerable Groups ◽  
Demographic And Health Surveys ◽  
Relative Index ◽  
Index Of Inequality ◽  
Wealth Inequalities ◽  
Current Tobacco ◽  
Over Time

ObjectiveTo measure trends in socioeconomic inequalities tobacco use in Nepal.SettingAdults interviewed during house-to-house surveys.ParticipantsWomen (15–45 years) and men (15–49 years) surveyed in four Nepal Demographic and Health Surveys done in 2001, 2006, 2011 and 2016.Outcome measureCurrent tobacco use (in any form).ResultsThe prevalence of tobacco use for men declined from 66% in 2001 to 55% in 2016, and declined from 29% to 8.4% among women. Across both education and wealth quintiles for both men and women, the prevalence of tobacco use generally declines with increasing education or wealth. We found persistently larger absolute inequalities by education than by wealth among men. Among women we also found larger educational than wealth-related gradients, but both declined over time. For men, the Slope Index of Inequality (SII) for education was larger than for wealth (44% vs 26% in 2001) and changed very little over time. For women, the SII for both education and wealth were similar in magnitude to men, but decreased substantially between 2001 and 2016 (from 44% to 16% for education; from 37% to 16% for wealth). Women had a larger relative index of inequality than men for both education (6.5 vs 2.0 in 2001) and wealth (4.8 vs 1.5 in 2001), and relative inequality increased between 2001 and 2016 for women (from 6.5 to 16.0 for education; from 4.8 to 12.0 for wealth).ConclusionIncreasing relative inequalities indicates suboptimal reduction in tobacco use among the vulnerable groups suggesting that they should be targeted to improve tobacco control.

scholarly journals Trends of caesarean section deliveries in Pakistan: Secondary data analysis from Demographic and Health Surveys, 1990-2018

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aaisha Amjad ◽  
Abeeha Imran ◽  
Nabeeha Shahram ◽  
Rubeena Zakar ◽  
Ahmed Usman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Caesarean Section ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Health Surveys ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Demographic And Health Surveys ◽  
Independent Variables ◽  
Economic Class ◽  
The Past ◽  
Child Bearing ◽  
Socio Demographic Factors

Abstract Background: Pakistan is among those countries where the number of caesarean section births has increased unusually in the past two decades. Therefore, the aim of the present study is to analyse the trend of caesarean section deliveries among child-bearing women (aged 15–49 years) in Pakistan and to identify maternal socio-demographic factors and pregnancy-related variables associated with the change in caesarean deliveries from 1990 to 2018.Methods: Secondary data from Pakistan Demographic and Health Surveys (1990–2018) were analysed. The analysis of data was confined to child-bearing mothers. Sample sizes were 4,029, 5,721, 7,461 and 8,287 for the time periods of 1990–91, 2006–07, 2012–13 and 2017–18, respectively. Socio-demographic information of the mothers and pregnancy-related variables were taken as independent variables for the present study. The association between independent variables and caesarean deliveries was measured in terms of unadjusted odds ratios (OR) and adjusted OR (AOR).Results: The percentages of the mothers who had at least one delivery during the five years prior to each survey who had caesarean deliveries increased continuously from 3.2 % in 1990–91 to 19.6 % in 2017–18. Results indicate that mothers over 24 years of age, located in Punjab, from the richest socio-economic class and living in urban areas were more likely to have delivered by caesarean section. Mothers with a first child in birth order and who had five and more children, as well as mothers who had more antenatal care visits and delivered babies in private hospitals showed a higher probability of caesarean section births.Conclusions: The findings of the present study confirm the gradual upsurge in the percentage of mothers delivering by caesarean section during the past two decades in Pakistan. Against this backdrop, some measures need to be taken by health departments to regulate the number of caesarean deliveries. Awareness among women about pregnancy complications and elaborated details by gynaecologists about the medically indicated reasons for caesarean delivery are a few important steps in Pakistan that can help in reducing caesarean deliveries which are not medically indicated.

scholarly journals Trends of Caesarean Section Deliveries in Pakistan: Secondary Data Analysis from Demographic and Health Surveys, 1990-2018

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aaisha Amjad ◽  
Abeeha Imran ◽  
Nabeeha Shahram ◽  
Rubeena Zakar ◽  
Ahmad Usman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Caesarean Section ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Health Surveys ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Demographic And Health Surveys ◽  
Odds Ratios ◽  
Independent Variables ◽  
The Past ◽  
Child Bearing ◽  
Socio Demographic Factors

Abstract Background Pakistan is amongst those countries where the number of caesarean section births has unusually increased in the past two decades. Therefore, the aim of the present study is to analyse the trend of caesarean section deliveries among child-bearing women (aged 15–49 years) in Pakistan and to identify maternal socio-demographic factors and pregnancy related variables associated with the change in caesarean deliveries from 1990 to 2018.Methods Secondary data from Pakistan Demographic and Health Surveys (1990–2018) were analysed. The analysis of data was confined to the child-bearing mothers. Sample sizes were 4,029, 5,721, 7,461 and 8,287 for the time period of 1990–91, 2006–07, 2012–13, and 2017–18, respectively. For the present study, socio-demographic information of the mothers and pregnancy related variables were taken as independent variables. The association between independent variables and caesarean deliveries was measured in terms of unadjusted odds ratios (OR) and adjusted odds ratios (AOR).Results Out of the mothers who had at least one delivery during the five years prior to each survey, the percentages of the mothers who had caesarean deliveries increased continuously from 3.2% in 1990–91 to 19.6% in 2017–18. Results indicate that mothers above 24 years of age, located in Punjab, from the richest socio-economic class, and living in urban areas were more likely to have delivered by caesarean section. Mothers with first child in birth order and who had five and above children, as well as mothers who had more antenatal care visits and delivered babies in private hospitals showed a higher probability for caesarean section births.Conclusions The findings of the present study confirm the gradual upsurge in the percentage of mothers delivering through caesarean section during the past two decades in Pakistan. In this backdrop, some measures need to be taken by health departments to regulate the number of caesarean deliveries. Awareness among women about pregnancy complications and elaborated details by gynaecologists about the medically indicated reasons of caesarean delivery are a few important steps that can help in reducing not medically indicated caesarean deliveries in Pakistan.

scholarly journals Consanguineous Marriages and Their Association With Women’s Reproductive Health and Fertility Behavior in Pakistan: Secondary Data Analysis From Demographic and Health Surveys, 1990–2018

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarosh Iqbal ◽  
Rubeena Zakar ◽  
Florian Fischer ◽  
Muhammad Zakria Zakar
Keyword(s):  
Data Analysis ◽  
Reproductive Health ◽  
Health Surveys ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Secondary Data Analysis ◽  
Fertility Behavior ◽  
Demographic And Health Surveys ◽  
Consanguineous Marriages ◽  
Women’S Reproductive Health ◽  
Women's Reproductive Health

Abstract Background: Pakistan has been showing consistently the highest prevalence of consanguinity. The popularity of consanguineous marriages is not declining in the country, because of social, cultural, and religious beliefs as well as economic advantages. However, couples also face various health related implications, such as poor pregnancy outcomes or multiple reproductive and fertility consequences, having adverse effects on mothers and their children. This research investigated the trend of consanguineous marriages and their association with women’s reproductive health and fertility behavior in Pakistan from 1990 to 2018.Methods: This study is based on a secondary data analysis, using all four waves of the Pakistan Demographic Health Surveys carried out during 1990 to 2018. The analysis is limited to women aged 15–49 years, who had given birth in the previous five years preceding each survey. Descriptive statistics, bivariable and multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed to determine the association of consanguinity with multiple characteristics related to socio-demographics, co-variates and women’s reproductive health and fertility behaviors. Results: The findings revealed an high but overall stable trend of consanguinity prevalence of about 63% during the last three decades. Consanguineous marriages were more prevalent amongst young and uneducated women, living in rural areas, with poorer wealth status and having less exposure of mass media to access information. A strong association of consanguinity was observed with women’s reproductive health and fertility behavior, particularly for women who gave first birth at younger age, had multi-gravida pregnancies, multi-parity, pregnancy termination, ANC visits and higher fertility.Conclusion: Consanguineous marriages are predominant in the patriarchal society of Pakistan. Findings revealed that consanguinity contributes significantly to women’s reproductive health and fertility behaviors. Appropriate counselling, educational and health promotional programs related to consanguinity should be designed and launched at community level to raise awareness about risks towards women’s reproductive health and fertility.

scholarly journals Breastfeeding and the nutritional transition in the Latin American and Caribbean Region: a success story?

2003 ◽  
Vol 19 (suppl 1) ◽  
pp. S119-S127 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rafael Pérez-Escamilla
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Breastfeeding Duration ◽  
Caribbean Region ◽  
Demographic And Health Surveys ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
The Caribbean

The objectives of this paper are to examine recent breastfeeding duration trends in Latin America and the Caribbean to document: (a) rural-urban differentials, (b) differences in educational levels, and (c) changes in breastfeeding duration across time. Secondary data analyses were conducted with 23 Demographic and Health Surveys collected between the mid-1980s and mid-1990s. Results indicate that median breastfeeding duration is still greater in rural (as compared to urban) areas and among less (versus more) educated women, although these differentials are decreasing with time. In five of the six countries examined for secular trends, breastfeeding duration continues to increase in both rural and urban areas. Breastfeeding duration in urban and rural areas was strongly correlated within countries. Breastfeeding duration improved more among women with the highest and declined among those with the lowest levels of education. Results indicate that breastfeeding duration has increased in Latin America and the Caribbean at a time when the opposite was predicted, given the region's increased urbanization. Breastfeeding protection policies and promotion programs may explain part of the increase in breastfeeding duration.

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