scholarly journals Breastfeeding and the nutritional transition in the Latin American and Caribbean Region: a success story?

2003 ◽  
Vol 19 (suppl 1) ◽  
pp. S119-S127 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rafael Pérez-Escamilla
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Breastfeeding Duration ◽  
Caribbean Region ◽  
Demographic And Health Surveys ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
The Caribbean

The objectives of this paper are to examine recent breastfeeding duration trends in Latin America and the Caribbean to document: (a) rural-urban differentials, (b) differences in educational levels, and (c) changes in breastfeeding duration across time. Secondary data analyses were conducted with 23 Demographic and Health Surveys collected between the mid-1980s and mid-1990s. Results indicate that median breastfeeding duration is still greater in rural (as compared to urban) areas and among less (versus more) educated women, although these differentials are decreasing with time. In five of the six countries examined for secular trends, breastfeeding duration continues to increase in both rural and urban areas. Breastfeeding duration in urban and rural areas was strongly correlated within countries. Breastfeeding duration improved more among women with the highest and declined among those with the lowest levels of education. Results indicate that breastfeeding duration has increased in Latin America and the Caribbean at a time when the opposite was predicted, given the region's increased urbanization. Breastfeeding protection policies and promotion programs may explain part of the increase in breastfeeding duration.

scholarly journals SDG3-related inequalities in women’s, children’s and adolescents’ health: an SDG monitoring baseline for Latin America and the Caribbean using national cross-sectional surveys

BMJ Open ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. e047779
Author(s):  
Antonio Sanhueza ◽  
Liliana Carvajal-Vélez ◽  
Oscar J Mújica ◽  
Luis Paulo Vidaletti ◽  
Cesar G Victora ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Health Inequalities ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
National Level ◽  
Demographic And Health Surveys ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
The Sustainable Development ◽  
The Caribbean ◽  
Nationally Representative

ObjectivesLatin America and the Caribbean (LAC) countries have made important progress towards achieving the Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) targets related to health (SDG3) at the national level. However, vast within-country health inequalities remain. We present a baseline of health inequalities in the region, against which progress towards the SDGs can be monitored.SettingWe studied 21 countries in LAC using data from Demographic and Health Surveys and Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey carried out from 2011 to 2016ParticipantsThe surveys collect nationally representative data on women and children using multistage sampling. In total, 288 207 women and 195 092 children made part of the surveys in the 21 countries.Outcome measuresFive health intervention indicators were studied, related to reproductive and maternal health, along with adolescent fertility and neonatal and under-five mortality rates. Inequalities in these indicators were assessed through absolute and relative measures.ResultsIn most countries, subnational geographical health gradients were observed for nearly all women, child, and adolescent (WCA) indicators. Coverage of key interventions was higher in urban areas and among the richest, compared with rural areas and poorer quintiles. Analyses by woman’s age showed that coverage was lower in adolescent girls than older women for family planning indicators. Pro-urban and pro-rich inequalities were also seen for mortality in most countries.ConclusionsRegional averages hide important health inequalities between countries, but national estimates hide still greater inequalities between subgroups of women, children and adolescents. To achieve the SDG3 targets and leave no one behind, it is essential to close health inequality gaps within as well as between countries.

scholarly journals Fostering a Collaborative Atmospheric Chemistry Research Community in the Latin America and Caribbean Region

2016 ◽  
Vol 97 (10) ◽  
pp. 1929-1939 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcos Andrade-Flores ◽  
Nestor Rojas ◽  
Megan L. Melamed ◽  
Olga L. Mayol-Bracero ◽  
Michel Grutter ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Latin America ◽  
Atmospheric Chemistry ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Caribbean Region ◽  
Rapid Urbanization ◽  
Chemistry Research ◽  
Latin America And Caribbean ◽  
Andean Glaciers

Abstract In 2013, the international Commission on Atmospheric Chemistry and Global Pollution (iCACGP) and the International Global Atmospheric Chemistry (IGAC) Project Americas Working Group (iCACGP/IGAC AWG) was formed to build a cohesive network and foster the next generation of atmospheric scientists with the goal of contributing to a scientific community focused on building collective knowledge for the Americas. The Latin America–Caribbean (LAC) region shares common history, culture, and socioeconomic issues but, at the same time, it is highly diverse in its physical and human geography. The LAC region is unique because approximately 80% of its population lives in urban areas, resulting in high-density hotspots of urbanization and vast unpopulated rural areas. In recent years, most countries of the region have experienced rapid growth in population and industrialization as their economies emerge. The rapid urbanization, the associated increases in mobile and industrial sources, and the growth of the agricultural activities related to biomass burning have degraded air quality in certain areas of the LAC region. Air pollution has negative implications for human health, ecosystems, and climate. In addition, air pollution and the warming caused by greenhouse gases could impact the melting of Andean glaciers, an important source of freshwater. To better understand the links between air pollution and climate, it is necessary to increase the number of atmospheric scientists and improve our observational, analytical, and modeling capacities. This requires sustained and prioritized funding as well as stronger collaboration within the LAC region.

scholarly journals ANALISIS PROGRAM PENINGKATAN PENANGGULANGAN KEMISKINAN DALAM PENGEMBANGAN USAHA KECIL DI NUSA TENGGARA BARAT KASUS DI KABUPATEN: BIMA, SUMBAWA, DAN LOMBOK BARAT

2016 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 325 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wargono Adisoewignyo
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Small Businesses ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Rural Economy ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Poverty Eradication ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Small Scales ◽  
The Government

The population of the small and medium scale businesses (SMSB) are amounted about more 500 thousand, while their role in GNP are about 50%. More 90% of the SMSB are small scales and carry out their activities in many sectors which are spead out in rural and urban areas as well. The power of the SMSB has been proved through the crises since 1998, they are still exsits, while the conglomerate had been col/aped. The development programme of small businesses in Indonesia has been intorduced for more than 3 decades, but the results are still queationable. In the beginning of 90's, such programmes were introduced in a line of the poverty eradication (PPE). The PPE programes such as PHBK, P4K, KUKESRA and IDT are in a line to the programes of developing real sectors in rural areas. Poverty is a crucial problem and consists of multidimensional aspects, not only economic but also social, cultural, structural and institutional as well.The previous programes never touch the core problem, operate separately, and rarely include the group targets (poor society) to actively participate in the programs. Another new programs such as P-IK, PHBK, KUKESRA and IDT have also been carried out, but at the present the results were still questionably. Some programes are introduced to develop small scales business, such as PHBK dan KUKESRAAims of the study are to indentify: the successes and the .fails of varoius programs for eradicating poverty, terms as 'Program for Poverty Eradication· or shortly PPE; how the fund has been allocated, managed, and coordinated; how jar the society, LSM, and poors themselves do involve; and how jar the programs could reduce poverty and sustainable develop the rural economy. The study has been carried out in three kabupatens: Bima. Sumbawa, dan West Lombok Resource persons are the GO and the NGO officers who close relate with the PPE. The respondents are members POKMAS who receive fund of the PPE. The Sarasehan procedure with resource applies to collect secondary data of the PPE's program from resource persons, while the participatory and emphatic procedures are used to invite responses and attitudes of respondents.The results indicate the models of the PPH, such as P-IK, PHBK. KUKESRA and IDT could not be generalized. Some were more rigid, while some others were accommodative. Some were effective, the others were stagnant, evermore fails. They need solid commitment of all: the government institutions from the top to the lowest. The involvement of the TOGA, the TOMA, and the NGO, and the poor themselves. The more rigid the programs were managed and directed (by the government), the higher the probability of programs are stagnant and even morefruitlessly.

scholarly journals Consuming Leisure Time: How The Tourism Trend Has Changed the Village

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 17
Author(s):  
Ratna Istriyani
Keyword(s):  
Social Relations ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Leisure Time ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Economic Changes ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Sustainable Regional Development ◽  
The Village

This article elaborates on the issue of using leisure time, mainly connected with the tourism concept. The tourism agenda has shaped the trend of using leisure time, which at the same time has changed the appearance of particular places to attract consumers. The village area is a new tourist spot that discussed in this article. Again becomes crucial to see; the new economic features have changed social relations in rural areas. The changes also happened in Yogyakarta, especially villages in the Sleman area. Therefore, this paper aims to explore how the village experienced economic changes after it formed into a tourist area, how was the process. The approach used in this research is qualitative by collecting observational data and secondary data. Based on the research, the villages in Yogyakarta, especially Sleman, the changes in the economic pattern cannot separate from the tourist trend, which emphasizes the reformation of the classic pastoral nuances. The establishment of a restaurant or cafe that offers authentic characters imagined being a remedy for longing for memories. Without intending to confront rural and urban areas, this study argues that the tourism trend in rural areas has not only changed the economic complexion but has also emphasized the character of the village as a space for urban community consumption. It is undeniable that the economic turnover that arises from the tourism sector is assumed to be able to contribute to the new face of rural areas; however, it is not necessarily possible to realize sustainable regional development without being followed by creativity to compete with the emergence of new entertainment venues. Keywords: Tourism Transformation, Village, Leisure, Space Consumption.

scholarly journals Profile of Double of Undernutrition Problem, Coexistence with Anemia among Pregnant Women Indonesia 2018: A Cross Sectional Survey

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (E) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ina Kusrini ◽  
Donny Kristanto Mulyantoro ◽  
Dwi Hapsari Tjandrarini ◽  
Hadi Ashar
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Body Height ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Adverse Pregnancy

BACKGROUND: Anemia is the most common type of malnutrition in pregnant women, and when combined with another nutritional problem, it would increase the risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes. AIM: This study aims to analyze the risk of double undernutrition in pregnant women with anemia. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We used secondary data from the 2018 National Basic Health Survey as well as biomedical anemia samples. Anthropometric measurements were maternal body height, middle–upper circumference (MUAC) for chronic energy malnutrition (CEM); anemia was predicted using hemoglobin levels. The number of samples is 484, considering the minimum sample size for each undernutrition proportion. RESULTS: Anemia in pregnant women is not a single malnutrition issue. Almost one–third of pregnant women with anemia also had another form of undenutrition. In this study, the prevalence of anemia among pregnant women (%) is 35.7; stunted is 35.9, and CEM is 16.7. The malnutrition was identified as double nutritional problems coexistence to anemia, such as prevalence stunted–anemia (%) 12.5; anemia–CEM 9.2; and anemia–stunted–CEM 4.4. Overall, CEM is associated with anemia with p < 0.05 and AOR 2.25 (CI; 1.38–3.66), adjusted to height and type of residence, education, and occupation. Urban areas have a similar risk to rural areas with AOR for CEM to anemia, 2.29 (CI; 1.12–4.69); rural areas 2.23 (CI; 1.14–4.33), respectively. Moreover, women with double of undernutrition stunted–CEM in rural areas have a risk of anemia with AOR 2.75 (1.14–6.65). CONCLUSION: The risk of anemia in pregnant women with chronic energy malnutrition has increased more than twice in rural and urban areas.

The Concept of the Caribbean in the Latin American Policy of the United States

1973 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 285-308
Author(s):  
Harold Molineu
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Latin America ◽  
Latin American ◽  
The United States ◽  
Caribbean Region ◽  
The Past ◽  
Caribbean Area ◽  
The Caribbean ◽  
Armed Intervention ◽  
Special Region

During the past twenty years, the United States has been involved in three cases of armed intervention in Latin America: Guatemala in 1954, Cuba in 1961, and the Dominican Republic in 1965. In addition, there was the naval blockade and possibility of intervention in Cuba in 1962 during the missile crisis. Each of these episodes occurred in the Caribbean region (defined as including those areas either in or adjacent to the Caribbean Sea). There were no similar armed interventions elsewhere in Latin America during this period, and in fact, all of the incidents of United States armed intervention in the Twentieth Century have taken place in the Caribbean area. Therefore, in its actions in Latin America, the United States appears to distinguish between the Caribbean area and the rest of the continent. The Caribbean is treated as a special region where military intervention is apparently more justifiable than elsewhere in Latin America. Only in the area outside the Caribbean has Washington found it possible to abide by its inter-American treaty commitments to nonintervention.

scholarly journals Composed Index for the Evaluation of Energy Security in Power Systems within the Frame of Energy Transitions—The Case of Latin America and the Caribbean

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (9) ◽  
pp. 2467
Author(s):  
Sergio Fuentes ◽  
Roberto Villafafila-Robles ◽  
Joan Rull-Duran ◽  
Samuel Galceran-Arellano
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Power Systems ◽  
Power System ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Energy Security ◽  
Caribbean Region ◽  
Electrical Systems ◽  
Energy Transitions ◽  
The Caribbean ◽  
Time Frames

Energy transitions are transforming energy systems around the globe. Such a shift has caused the power system to become a critical piece of infrastructure for the economic development of every nation on the planet. Therefore, guaranteeing its security is crucial, not only for energy purposes but also as a part of a national security strategy. This paper presents a multidimensional index developed to assess energy security of electrical systems in the long term. This tool, named the Power System Security Index (PSIx), which has been previously used for the evaluation of a country in two different time frames, is applied to evaluate the member countries of the Latin American Energy Organization, located within the Latin America and the Caribbean region, to measure its performance on energy security. Mixed results were obtained from the analysis, with clear top performers in the region such as Argentina, while there are others with broad areas of opportunity, as is the case of Haiti.

Rural-Urban Disparity of Under-Five Mortality Rate in Iran from 1990 to 2015

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Younes MOHAMMADI ◽  
Manoochehr KARAMI ◽  
Nasrin DERAKHSHANZADEH
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Maternal Age ◽  
National Level ◽  
Demographic And Health Surveys ◽  
Live Births ◽  
Under Five ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban

Background: To estimate under-five mortality rate (U5MR), as one of the sustainable development goals, in rural and urban areas of Iran from 1990 to 2015. Methods: We used the data collected through two censuses and one Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS). We analyzed the Summary Birth History (SBH) data via 2 approaches including Maternal Age Cohort (MAC) and Maternal Age Period (MAP) methods, and then, Gaussian Process Regression (GPR) was used to combine the three trends and with 95% uncertainty. Finally, Ratio of U5MR in rural to urban was calculated. Results: At the national level and in urban areas, U5MR in 1990, 2000, 2010, and 2015 was 66, 34, 18, and 13 per 1000 live births, respectively. Corresponding values in rural areas in 1990, 2000, 2010, and 2015 was 129, 64, 31, and 21 per 1000 live births, respectively. Accordingly, the ratio of U5MR in rural to urban at the national level was 1.93, 1.86, 1.72 and 1.63 in the same years. At the sub-national level, U5MR in urban areas ranged from 11.2 per 1000 live births in Isfahan to 18.2 per 1000 live births in Hormuzagn. U5MR in rural areas ranged from 14.1 per 1000 live births in Isfahan to 29.5 per 1000 live births in Sistan and Baluchistan Conclusion: There is still a gap between rural and urban areas, although it has decreased during the 25 years of the study. To alleviate this gap, health system authorities are advised to plan appropriate actions using multisectoral capacities

Ageing and intergenerational relationships in rural Germany

2001 ◽  
Vol 21 (5) ◽  
pp. 547-566 ◽  
Author(s):  
THOMAS SCHARF
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Regional Differences ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Intergenerational Relationships ◽  
West Germany ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
East And West Germany ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Secondary Data Sources

This paper uses a range of secondary data sources to analyse key elements of intergenerational relationships in Germany. Within the context of a discussion of regional differences in Germany’s population structure and aspects of socio-economic conditions in rural areas, the paper focuses on the following aspects of intergenerational relationships: household structures, proximity of the generations, frequency and intensity of contacts between the generations, intergenerational transfers and non-kin relationships. Where appropriate, comparisons are made between East and West Germany and between rural and urban areas. The analysis of data on intergenerational relationships highlights several difficulties associated with research on older people living in rural areas. It is suggested that these difficulties contribute to the distorted and contradictory views that are often associated with rural ageing.

scholarly journals Composed Index for the Evaluation of Energy Security in Power Systems within the frame of Energy Transitions – The case of Latin America and the Caribbean

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sergio Fuentes ◽  
Roberto Villafafila-Robles ◽  
Joan Rull-Duran ◽  
Samuel Galceran-Arellano
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Power Systems ◽  
Power System ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Energy Security ◽  
Critical Infrastructure ◽  
Energy System ◽  
Caribbean Region ◽  
Energy Transitions ◽  
The Caribbean

Energy transitions are reshaping the global energy system. Such shift has taken the power system to become a critical infrastructure for achieving economic development of every nation in the planet, therefore, guaranteeing its security is crucial, not only for energy purposes but as a part of a national security strategy. This paper presents a multi-dimensional index developed to assess energy security of electrical systems in the long term. This tool, named Power System Security Index (PSIx), and which has been previously used for the evaluation of a country in two different time frames, is applied to evaluate the member countries of the Latin American Energy Organization, located within the Latin America and the Caribbean region, in order to measure their performance on energy security. Mixed results were obtained from the analysis, with clear top performers in the region such as Argentina, while there are others with broad areas of opportunity, as it is the case of Haiti.

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