Low Dietary Diversity and Intake of Animal Source Foods among School Aged Children in Libo Kemkem and Fogera Districts, Ethiopia

BackgroundCash transfer (CT) programmes are implemented widely to alleviate poverty and provide safety nets to vulnerable households with children. However, evidence on the effects of CTs on child health and nutrition outcomes has been mixed. We systematically reviewed evidence of the impact of CTs on child nutritional status and selected proximate determinants.MethodsWe searched articles published between January 1997 and September 2018 using Agris, Econlit, Eldis, IBSS, IDEAS, IFPRI, Google Scholar, PubMed and World Bank databases. We included studies using quantitative impact evaluation methods of CTs with sample sizes over 300, targeted to households with children under 5 years old conducted in countries with gross domestic product per capita below US$10 000 at baseline. We conducted meta-analysis using random-effects models to assess the impact of CT programmes on selected child nutrition outcomes and meta-regression analysis to examine the association of programme characteristics with effect sizes.ResultsOut of 2862 articles identified, 74 articles were eligible for inclusion. We find that CTs have significant effects of 0.03±0.03 on height-for-age z-scores (p<0.03) and a decrease of 2.1% in stunting (95% CI −3.5% to −0.7%); consumption of animal-source foods (4.5%, 95% CI 2.9% to 6.0%); dietary diversity (0.73, 95% CI 0.28 to 1.19) and diarrhoea incidence (−2.7%, 95% CI −5.4% to −0.0%; p<0.05). The effects of CTs on weight-for-age z-scores and wasting were not significant (0.02, 95% CI −0.03 to 0.08; p<0.42) and (1.2%, 95% CI: −0.1% to 2.5%; p<0.07), respectively. We found that specific programme characteristics differentially modified the effect on the nutrition outcomes studied.ConclusionWe found that CT programmes targeted to households with young children improved linear growth and contributed to reduced stunting. We found that the likely pathways were through increased dietary diversity, including through the increased consumption of animal-source foods and reduced incidence of diarrhoea. With heightened interest in nutrition-responsive social protection programmes to improve child nutrition, we make recommendations to inform the design and implementation of future programmes.

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Consumption of animal source foods and dietary diversity reduce stunting in children in Cambodia

International Archives of Medicine ◽

10.1186/1755-7682-6-29 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 6 (1) ◽

pp. 29 ◽

Cited By ~ 72

Author(s):

Chau Darapheak ◽

Takehito Takano ◽

Masashi Kizuki ◽

Keiko Nakamura ◽

Kaoruko Seino

Keyword(s):

Dietary Diversity ◽

Animal Source Foods ◽

Animal Source

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Determinants of age‐appropriate breastfeeding, dietary diversity, and consumption of animal source foods among Indonesian children

Maternal and Child Nutrition ◽

10.1111/mcn.12889 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 16 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Susy K. Sebayang ◽

Michael J. Dibley ◽

Erni Astutik ◽

Ferry Efendi ◽

Patrick J. Kelly ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Dietary Diversity ◽

Animal Source Foods ◽

Animal Source ◽

Age Appropriate

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Animal Source Food Consumption in Young Children from Four Regions of Ethiopia: Association with Religion, Livelihood, and Participation in the Productive Safety Net Program

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu11020354 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (2) ◽

pp. 354 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Kaitlin S. Potts ◽

Afework Mulugeta ◽

Alessandra N. Bazzano

Keyword(s):

Young Children ◽

Dietary Diversity ◽

Safety Net ◽

Local Context ◽

Cross Sectional Survey ◽

Critical Determinant ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Community Factors ◽

Animal Source Foods ◽

Animal Source

Introduction: Child undernutrition remains a challenge globally and in the geographically diverse country of Ethiopia. Improving dietary diversity and consumption of animal source foods are important for improving child nutrition and corresponding health outcomes. Objective: The objective of the study was to identify household and community factors associated with consumption of animal source foods among 6 to 36-month-old children from four regions of Ethiopia. Methods: A cross-sectional survey using multistage probability sampling in eight geographic zones and four regions of Ethiopia took place in 2015 with parents/caretakers of 6 to 36-month-old children. Data was collected on demographic information, proxy indicators of socioeconomic status, and food consumed by the child the day before the survey. Results: Increased child age, pastoral livelihood, Muslim religion, and participation in the Productive Safety Net Program were associated with increased consumption of animal source foods. Odds of animal source foods consumption increased by 8% with each 3-month age increase. Children from pastoralist households were the most likely to have consumed animal source foods in the preceding 24 hours as compared with those in agro-pastoralist households (0.21 times as likely) or those in agriculturalist/farming households (0.15 times as likely). The odds of consumption of animal source foods for families with food aid or safety net support was 1.7 times greater among those receiving traditional support from the Productive Safety Net Program and 4.5 times greater for those in the direct support arm of the program. Conclusions: The findings illustrate the importance of accounting for local context and community characteristics, such as livelihood and religion, when undertaking programming designed to improve diversity of children’s diets through increasing animal source foods. In addition, the Productive Safety Net Program may be a critical determinant of dietary diversity for young children in these regions.

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Dietary gap assessment: an approach for evaluating whether a country’s food supply can support healthy diets at the population level

Public Health Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s1368980017001173 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 20 (13) ◽

pp. 2277-2288 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Edye M Kuyper ◽

Reina Engle-Stone ◽

Joanne E Arsenault ◽

Mary Arimond ◽

Katherine P Adams ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Food Supply ◽

Dietary Diversity ◽

Balance Sheet ◽

Population Level ◽

Dietary Guidelines ◽

Healthy Diet ◽

Food Groups ◽

Animal Source Foods ◽

Animal Source ◽

Healthy Diets

AbstractObjectiveDietary diversity, and in particular consumption of nutrient-rich foods including fruits, vegetables, nuts, beans and animal-source foods, is linked to greater nutrient adequacy. We developed a ‘dietary gap assessment’ to evaluate the degree to which a nation’s food supply could support healthy diets at the population level.Design/SettingIn the absence of global food-based dietary guidelines, we selected the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet as an example because there is evidence it prevents diet-related chronic disease and supports adequate micronutrient intakes. We used the DASH guidelines to shape a hypothetical ‘healthy’ diet for the test country of Cameroon. Food availability was estimated using FAO Food Balance Sheet data on country-level food supply. For each of the seven food groups in the ‘healthy’ diet, we calculated the difference between the estimated national supply (in kcal, edible portion only) and the target amounts.ResultsIn Cameroon, dairy and other animal-source foods were not adequately available to meet healthy diet recommendations: the deficit was −365 kcal (–1527 kJ)/capita per d for dairy products and −185 kcal (–774 kJ)/capita per d for meat, poultry, fish and eggs. Adequacy of fruits and vegetables depended on food group categorization. When tubers and plantains were categorized as vegetables and fruits, respectively, supply nearly met recommendations. Categorizing tubers and plantains as starchy staples resulted in pronounced supply shortfalls: −109 kcal (–457 kJ)/capita per d for fruits and −94 kcal (–393 kJ)/capita per d for vegetables.ConclusionsThe dietary gap assessment illustrates an approach for better understanding how food supply patterns need to change to achieve healthier dietary patterns.

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Animal Source Food Consumption in Young Children from Four Regions of Ethiopia: Association with Religion, Livelihood, and Participation in the Productive Safety Net Program

10.20944/preprints201901.0080.v1 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Kaitlin S. Potts ◽

Afework Mulugeta ◽

Alessandra N. Bazzano

Keyword(s):

Young Children ◽

Dietary Diversity ◽

Safety Net ◽

Local Context ◽

Cross Sectional Survey ◽

Critical Determinant ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Community Factors ◽

Animal Source Foods ◽

Animal Source

Introduction: Child undernutrition remains a challenge globally and in the geographically diverse country of Ethiopia. Improving dietary diversity and consumption of animal source foods are important for improving child nutrition and corresponding health outcomes. Objective: The objective of the study was to identify household and community factors associated with consumption of animal source foods among 6 to 36-month-old children from four regions of Ethiopia. Methods: A cross-sectional survey using multistage probability sampling in eight geographic zones and four regions of Ethiopia took place in 2015 with parents/caretakers of 6 to 36-month-old children. Data was collected on demographic information, proxy indicators of socioeconomic status, and food consumed by the child the day before the survey. Results: Increased child age, pastoral livelihood, Muslim religion, and participation in the Productive Safety Net Program were associated with increased consumption of animal source foods. Odds of animal source foods consumption increased 8% with each 3-month age increase. Children from pastoralist households were the most likely to have consumed animal source foods in the preceding 24 hours as compared with those in agro-pastoralist households (0.21 times as likely) or those in agriculturalist/farming households (0.15 times as likely). The odds of consumption of animal source foods for families with food aid or safety net support was 1.7 times greater among those receiving traditional support from the Productive Safety Net Program and 4.5 times greater for those in the direct support arm of the program. Conclusions: The findings illustrate the importance of accounting for local context and community characteristics, such as livelihood and religion, when undertaking programming designed to improve diversity of children’s diets through increasing animal source foods. In addition, the Productive Safety Net program may be a critical determinant of dietary diversity for young children in these regions.

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Prevalence and determinants of dietary practices among pregnant women in eastern Ethiopia

BMC Nutrition ◽

10.1186/s40795-021-00494-4 ◽

2022 ◽

Vol 8 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Meseret Belete Fite ◽

Abera Kenay Tura ◽

Tesfaye Assebe Yadeta ◽

Lemessa Oljira ◽

Kedir Teji Roba

Keyword(s):

Pregnant Women ◽

Dietary Diversity ◽

Dietary Practices ◽

Eastern Ethiopia ◽

Dietary Practice ◽

Animal Source Foods ◽

High Consumption ◽

Animal Source ◽

Food Variety ◽

Haramaya District

Abstract Introduction Appropriate dietary practices in pregnancy are critical to meet the increased metabolic and physiological demands; however, information about dietary practices among pregnant women, particularly rural residents, is limited. The study aimed to assess the level of appropriate dietary practices and associated determinants among pregnant women in Haramaya District, eastern Ethiopia, 2021. Methods A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 448 pregnant women in Haramaya District, Eastern Ethiopia. Data was collected through face-to-face interviews by trained research assistants, using a validated frequency questionnaire. The pregnant women were labeled as “appropriate dietary practice” when they consumed at least four meals daily, had a good food variety score, high dietary diversity score, and high consumption of animal source foods during the reference period. Otherwise, they were defined as “inappropriate.” A Poisson regression model with robust variance estimation was used to investigate the association of the independent variables with the dietary practice. An adjusted prevalence ratio with a 95% confidence interval was reported to show an association using a p-value < 0.05. Results The appropriate dietary practice among the study participants was 15.2% (95% CI = 12–18%). Of the respondents, 29.46, 37.5, and 24.7% had a high dietary diversity, high food variety score, and high consumption of animal source foods. The appropriate dietary practice was more prevalent among merchant women (APR = 2.07; 95% CI 1.07–4.02) and those whose husbands have at least a high school educational level (APR = 1.96; 95% CI 1.06–3.46). However, the prevalence of appropriate dietary practice was significantly lower among those who chewed khat (APR = 0.58; 95% CI 0.37–0.90) and among respondents who reported restriction of the intake of some foods (APR = 0.36; 95% CI 0.20–0.65). Conclusion We found sup-optimal appropriate dietary practice among pregnant women in this predominantly rural setting. Additionally, the lower appropriate dietary practice was observed among women who reported chewing khat and experienced restriction of dietary consumption during pregnancy. Therefore, nutrition policy programs and interventions aimed at encouraging maternal nutritional guidance and counseling are recommended.

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Maternal diets matter for children's dietary quality: Seasonal dietary diversity and animal‐source foods consumption in rural Timor‐Leste

Maternal and Child Nutrition ◽

10.1111/mcn.13071 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 17 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Gianna Bonis‐Profumo ◽

Natasha Stacey ◽

Julie Brimblecombe

Keyword(s):

Dietary Diversity ◽

Dietary Quality ◽

Animal Source Foods ◽

Animal Source ◽

Timor Leste

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Dietary Diversity and Child Development in the Far West of Nepal: A Cohort Study

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu11081799 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (8) ◽

pp. 1799 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Andrew Thorne-Lyman ◽

Merina Shrestha ◽

Wafaie Fawzi ◽

Monica Pasqualino ◽

Tor Strand ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Child Development ◽

Dietary Diversity ◽

Time Range ◽

Food Groups ◽

Middle Income ◽

Animal Source Foods ◽

Animal Source ◽

Questionnaire Version ◽

Ages And Stages Questionnaire ◽

Specific Food

Poverty adversely affects child development through multiple pathways in low- and middle-income countries. Relationships between diet and child development are poorly understood. In this study, we aimed to explore these associations in a longitudinal cohort of 305 children in rural Nepal (baseline mean age 14 months), evaluating dietary diversity and the consumption of specific food groups at three timepoints over 1.5 years. Child development was assessed using the Ages and Stages questionnaire-version 3 (ASQ-3). Associations between the number of days that children consumed minimum dietary diversity (MDD) (≥4/8 items) and specific food groups over time (range 0–3) and total and subscale ASQ scores at age 23–38 months were estimated using multiple linear and logistic regression, dichotomizing scores at the lowest quartile. After adjusting for confounders, each additional day of consuming MDD was associated with a 35% reduction in the odds of low total ASQ score [OR 0.65, 95% CI (0.46, 0.92)]. The consumption of animal source foods [OR 0.64, (0.46, 0.89)], and vegetables/fruits [OR 0.60, (0.41, 0.90), but not processed foods [OR 0.99, (0.62, 1.59)] was associated with lower odds of low total development. Vegetables, fruits and animal source foods may be important for child development in this setting.

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Food and Nutritional Security of Children of Urban Farmers in Kampala, Uganda

Food and Nutrition Bulletin ◽

10.1177/15648265070282s203 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 28 (2_suppl2) ◽

pp. S237-S246 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

Fiona Yeudall ◽

Renée Sebastian ◽

Donald C. Cole ◽

Selahadin Ibrahim ◽

Abdelrahim Lubowa ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Food Security ◽

Dietary Diversity ◽

Household Food Security ◽

Z Score ◽

C Reactive Protein ◽

Nutritional Security ◽

Animal Source Foods ◽

Reactive Protein ◽

Household Food ◽

Animal Source

Background Urban agriculture is an important livelihood strategy to increase access to and availability of food in urban settings. Objective We examined the impact of sociodemographic and farming variables on the household food security and nutritional security of an index child aged 2 to 5 years. Our hypothesis was that dietary quality (percentage of energy from animal-source foods [%ASF] and dietary diversity) would have an impact on infection (as measured by C-reactive protein [CRP]), which in turn would have an impact on biochemical indices (hemoglobin and retinol) and anthropometric indices (weight-for-age z-score [WAZ] and body mass index z-score [ZBMI]). We examined the relationships among urban agricultural activities, household food security, and child nutritional security. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional survey of 296 households within each randomly selected study zone in Kampala, Uganda. Correlations were calculated and bivariate and exploratory path analysis was conducted to explore relationships. Results Household food security score was significantly positively correlated with the number of tropical livestock units ( r = 0.142, p = .017), dietary diversity ( r = 0.230, p < .001), %ASF ( r = 0.185, p = .002), and WAZ ( r = 0.149, p = .017). Exploratory path analysis demonstrated a significant positive relationship between household food security and %ASF, which in turn was positively associated with retinol. Consumption of animal-source food was significantly negatively associated with C-reactive protein level, which in turn was significantly negatively associated with hemoglobin level, and hemoglobin was significantly positively associated with WAZ. Conclusions Our findings are supportive of efforts to enhance access to land for urban farming and engagement in activities aimed at improving the quality of dietary intake of urban residents, in particular by increasing consumption of animal-source foods.

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