Young children share more under time pressure than after a delay

Adults under time pressure share with others generously, but with more time they act more selfishly. In the current study, we investigated whether young children already operate in this same way, and, if so, whether this changes over the preschool and early school age years. We tested 144 children in three age groups (3-, 5-, and 7-year olds) in a one-shot dictator game: Children were given nine stickers and had the possibility to share stickers with another child who was absent. Children in the Time Pressure condition were instructed to share quickly, whereas children in the Delay condition were instructed to take time and consider their decision carefully. Across ages, children in the Time Pressure condition shared significantly more stickers than children in the Delay condition. Moreover, the longer children waited, the less they shared. Thus, children, like adults, are more prosocial when acting spontaneously than after considering their decision more carefully.

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Collecting as a Cultural and Psychological Phenomenon

Cultural-Historical Psychology ◽

10.17759/chp.2007030404 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 3 (4) ◽

pp. 32-38

Author(s):

I.A. Kotliar ◽

E.A. Zhurkova

Keyword(s):

Pilot Study ◽

Early Adolescence ◽

Age Groups ◽

The Other ◽

School Age ◽

Psychological Phenomenon ◽

Early School ◽

Early School Age ◽

The One ◽

Main Components

The paper presents results of a pilot study on collecting as a psychological phenomenon. Collecting as a form of activity is analysed from the perspective of its motives, its final result and ways of working with collection objects. The aim of the pilot study was to reveal the content of collecting in children. A special questionnaire based on the object analysis of collecting activity was designed to explore the ways in which the main components of this activity reveal themselves. The data collected in three age groups (early school-age, early adolescence, late adolescence, 119 subjects altogether) showed that, on the one hand, collecting is a polymotivated activity which reflects the collector's system of interests, and, on the other hand, in the process of working with collection objects the collector puts into practice the different methods of organising his/her activity. The main components of collecting are interrelated.

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The influence of nutrition level on occurence of lenee defects among children in kindergarten and early school age

Health Promotion & Physical Activity ◽

10.5604/01.3001.0010.7716 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 1 (1) ◽

pp. 151-168

Author(s):

Wiesław Wojtanowski

Keyword(s):

Primary School ◽

Body Height ◽

Age Groups ◽

Lower Limbs ◽

School Age ◽

Early School ◽

Early School Age

Introduction: The aim of the research was to assess the frequency of occurance of knee faults as well as the influence of nutrition level expressed in BMI, on setting of knees among children in kindergarten and early school age. Material nad methods: The research included boys aged 4-7 form Kindergarten No. 33 in Tarnow and Primary School No. 18 in Tarnow. The measurement concerned basic somatic features like body height and mass as well as shape of lower limbs. The received results served to carry out an assessment of nutrition level expressed in BMI and knee faults among the examined boys. Results: Nutrition level in the group of the examined does not differ from the standard. Among the examined, 26 cases of abnormalities were stated, including: 11 cases of intense valgus, 5 cases of varus and 27 cases of physiological valgus. In particular age groups 10 cases of overweight and 8 cases of obesity were stated. Conclusions: Relevant correlation occurs between the BMI value and the setting of knees.

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Age-Specific Changes of Activity Self-Regulation in Preschool-Age and Early School-Age Children

Cultural-Historical Psychology ◽

10.17759/chp.2007030405 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 3 (4) ◽

pp. 39-49 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

O.A. Semyonova ◽

D.A. Koshelkov ◽

R.I. Machinskaya

Keyword(s):

School Children ◽

Self Regulation ◽

Age Groups ◽

Preschool Age ◽

School Age Children ◽

School Age ◽

Neuropsychological Examination ◽

Behavioural Difficulties ◽

Early School ◽

Early School Age

This research aimed to study age-specific changes of activity self-regulation in children entering school. Children involved in the research were healthy and didn't have any learning or behavioural difficulties; the research comprised three age groups: 6—7 year old, 7—8 year old and 9—10 year old children. Various components of such functions as activity programming, regulation and verification (i.e. planning functions) were assessed in a neuropsychological examination using a specially developed technique. According to this examination, planning functions formation undergoes progressive changes in preschool-age and early school-age children. A significant improvement in the child's ability to delay his/her spontaneous reactions, to maintain the acquired activity programme, to mediate the child's own actions, and to accept help from an adult can be seen at the age of 7—8 years. Progressive changes in acquiring programmes and developing activity strategies occur chiefly by the age of 9—10. Therefore, the data obtained in the research provide evidence for the heterogeneity in the development of various components of planning functions in children from 6 to 10 years old.

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Association of Sibling Presence with Language Development from Infancy to Early School Age Among Children with Developmental Difficulties: A Longitudinal Study

10.21203/rs.3.rs-114356/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Hsin-Hui Lu ◽

Wei-Chun Che ◽

Yu-Ju Lin ◽

Jao-Shwann Liang

Keyword(s):

Young Children ◽

Language Development ◽

Expressive Language ◽

Ecological Factors ◽

Positive Association ◽

Language Delays ◽

School Age ◽

Odds Ratios ◽

Early School ◽

Early School Age

Abstract BackgroundSiblings are crucial familial-ecological factors in children’s language development. However, it is unclear whether sibling presence is associated with language development among young children with developmental difficulties. The aim of this study was to assess the association between sibling presence and changes in language trajectories of children with developmental delay before early school age. MethodsWe performed a retrospective longitudinal cohort study from December 2008 through February 2016. The medical records of the participants were collected from an official institution designated by Taiwan’s Ministry of Health and Welfare for assessing and identifying young children with developmental difficulties. A total of 174 participants who had developmental difficulties and at least three-waves of evaluations were included in the analysis. Participants’ age ranged from 10 to 90 months. The primary outcomes were receptive and expressive language delays evaluated by board-certified speech-language pathologists. ResultsOf the 174 participants (131 boys; at the first evaluation: mean [standard deviation (SD)] age, 31.74 [10.15] months) enrolled, 64.94% (n=113) had siblings and 35.06% (n=61) did not. At the age of approximately 10 months, the probability of receptive and expressive language delays was lower in participants with siblings than in those without (adjusted odds ratios, 0.19, 0.18; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.06-0.64, 0.04-0.80; P=0.006, 0.024, respectively). However, at 10–90 months old, this probability of language delay became gradually higher in participants with siblings than in those without, exceeding that of participants without siblings (adjusted odds ratios, 1.04, 1.04; 95% CI, 1.01-1.07, 1.01-1.07; P=0.014, 0.020, respectively)ConclusionsHaving siblings does not necessarily have a positive association on the language development of children with developmental difficulties. Clinicians should consider the association of sibling presence with language development for these children in a broader familial-ecological context.

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