scholarly journals Probing behavior of Adelges laricis Vallot (Hemiptera: Adelgidae) on Larix decidua Mill: Description and analysis of EPG waveforms

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (5) ◽  
pp. e0251663
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Dancewicz ◽  
Beata Gabryś ◽  
Iwona Morkunas ◽  
Sławomir Samardakiewicz
Keyword(s):  
Xylem Sap ◽  
Sister Group ◽  
Larix Decidua ◽  
Plant Tissues ◽  
Electrical Penetration Graph ◽  
European Larch ◽  
Voltage Level ◽  
Phloem Sap ◽  
Probing Behavior ◽  
Behavioral Activities

Adelgidae are a sister group of Aphididae and Phylloxeridae within Hemiptera, Aphidoidea and occur exclusively on Pinaceae. The piercing-sucking mouthparts of Adelgidae are similar to those of aphids and it is believed that adelgids ingest sap from both the non-vascular and vascular (phloem) tissues. The aim of the present study was to identify and characterize the adelgid stylet activities during their penetration in plant tissues. The probing behavior of Adelges laricis Vallot (Hemiptera: Adelgidae) on European larch Larix decidua Mill. and sucrose diets was monitored using the DC-EPG (Electrical Penetration Graph technique = electropenetrography). The EPG waveforms were described based on amplitude, frequency, voltage level, and electrical origin of the observed traces, and associated with putative behavioral activities based on analogy with aphid activities. Waveform frequency, duration, and sequence were analysed as well. A. laricis generated EPG signals at two clearly distinct voltage levels positive and negative, suggesting extracellular and intracellular stylet penetration, respectively. The adelgid EPG patterns were ascribed to four behavioral phases, which were non-probing, pathway, phloem, and xylem phases. Non-probing referred to the position of the stylets outside the plant tissues. Pathway phase was represented by three waveform patterns that visualized extracellular stylet penetration in non-vascular tissues without potential drops (AC1), with serial short (1.2–1.5 s) potential drops (AC2), and with ‘aphid-like’ (5–10 s) potential drops (AC3). Phloem phase comprised three waveform patterns at intracellular level, which in all probability represented phloem salivation (AE1), and phloem sap passive (AE2) and active ingestion (AE3). AE3 was a newly described waveform, previously unreported from Hemiptera. Waveform AG represented the ingestion of xylem sap. The comparative analysis demonstrated that the gymnosperm-associated adelgids show certain similarities in probing behavior typical of aphids and phylloxerids on angiosperm plants. The present work is the first detailed analysis of specific adelgid stylet activities on gymnosperms.

scholarly journals Effect of Soy Leaf Flavonoids on Pea Aphid Probing Behavior

Insects ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (8) ◽  
pp. 756
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Stec ◽  
Bożena Kordan ◽  
Beata Gabryś
Keyword(s):  
Acyrthosiphon Pisum ◽  
Xylem Sap ◽  
Pea Aphid ◽  
Electrical Penetration Graph ◽  
Potential Threat ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
Phloem Sap ◽  
Probing Behavior ◽  
Epg Technique ◽  
Glycine Max L

Flavonoids detected in soybean Glycine max (L.) Merr. (Fabaceae) cause various alterations in the metabolism, behavior, and development of insect herbivores. The pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) poses potential threat to soybeans, but the effect of individual flavonoids on its feeding-associated behavior is relatively unknown. We monitored probing behavior (stylet penetration activities) of A. pisum on its preferred host plant, Pisum sativum L. untreated (control) and treated with 0.1% ethanolic solutions of flavonoids apigenin, daidzein, genistein, and kaempferol. We applied the electrical penetration graph (electropenetrography, EPG) technique, which visualizes the movements of aphid stylets within plant tissues. None of the applied flavonoids affected the propensity to probe the plants by A. pisum. However, apigenin enhanced the duration of probes in non-phloem tissues, which caused an increase in the frequency and duration of stylet mechanics derailment and xylem sap ingestion but limited the ingestion of phloem sap. Daidzein caused a delay in reaching phloem vessels and limited sap ingestion. Kaempferol caused a reduction in the frequency and duration of the phloem phase. Genistein did not affect aphid probing behavior. Our findings provide information for selective breeding programs of resistant plant cultivars to A. pisum.

scholarly journals Quercetin and Rutin as Modifiers of Aphid Probing Behavior

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (12) ◽  
pp. 3622
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Stec ◽  
Bożena Kordan ◽  
Beata Gabryś
Keyword(s):  
Acyrthosiphon Pisum ◽  
Plant Protection ◽  
Rhopalosiphum Padi ◽  
Aphid Species ◽  
Plant Tissues ◽  
Electrical Penetration Graph ◽  
Probing Behavior ◽  
Herbivore Interactions ◽  
Plant Herbivore ◽  
Rutin And Quercetin

Rutin and its aglycone quercetin occur in the fruits, leaves, seeds, and grains of many plant species and are involved in plant herbivore interactions. We studied the effect of the exogenous application of rutin and quercetin on the probing behavior (= stylet penetration activities in plant tissues) of Acyrthosiphon pisum on Pisum sativum, Myzus persicae on Brassica rapa ssp. pekinensis, and Rhopalosiphum padi on Avena sativa using the electrical penetration graph technique (EPG = electropenetrography). The reaction of aphids to quercetin and rutin and the potency of the effect depended on aphid species, the flavonol, and flavonol concentration. Quercetin promoted probing activities of A. pisum within non-phloem and phloem tissues, which was demonstrated in the longer duration of probes and a trend toward longer duration of sap ingestion, respectively. M. persicae reached phloem in a shorter time on quercetin-treated B. rapa than on the control. Rutin caused a delay in reaching sieve elements by A. pisum and deterred probing activities of M. persicae within non-phloem tissues. Probing of R. padi was not affected by quercetin or rutin. The potency of behavioral effects increased as the applied concentrations of flavonols increased. The prospects of using quercetin and rutin in plant protection are discussed.

scholarly journals Real time EPG recordings of tomatopotato psyllid (Bactericera cockerelli) feeding on tomato

2011 ◽  
Vol 64 ◽  
pp. 294-294 ◽  
Author(s):  
W.R.M. Sandanayaka ◽  
N.E.M. Page-Weir ◽  
A. Fereres
Keyword(s):  
Total Duration ◽  
Bactericera Cockerelli ◽  
Electrical Penetration Graph ◽  
Voltage Level ◽  
Phloem Sap ◽  
System Technique ◽  
Candidatus Liberibacter ◽  
Sieve Tubes ◽  
Phloem Feeder ◽  
First Contact

The stylet penetration behaviour of tomatopotato psyllid (TPP; Bactericera cockerelli Hemiptera Psyllidae) a phloem feeder was monitored using an electrical penetration graph (EPGDC system) technique Fifteen adult psyllids were randomly selected from a colony and monitored for 8 h on tomato plants under laboratory conditions EPG waveforms generated during stylet penetration into the plant tissues were categorised based on amplitude frequency voltage level and electrical origin The main waveforms representing salivary sheath secretion and other stylet pathway activities (C) first contact with phloem (D) salivation in phloem sieve tubes (E1) and phloem sap ingestion (E2) were similar to the Asian citrus psyllid Diaphorina citri and this was confirmed by histological studies Phloem ingestion was seen from 12 out of 15 psyllids tested The time to first contact of phloem from the beginning of recording was 1163 h and the total duration of phloem ingestion recorded was from 1 min to 52 h within the 8 h recording period The information gathered on the feeding behaviour of TPP from this study will be applicable for future studies to understand the transmission of Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum by TPP as well as other Liberibacter and TPP management studies

scholarly journals Time since death and decay rate constants of Norway spruce and European larch deadwood in subalpine forests determined using dendrochronology and radiocarbon dating

2016 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 1537-1552 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marta Petrillo ◽  
Paolo Cherubini ◽  
Giulia Fravolini ◽  
Marco Marchetti ◽  
Judith Ascher-Jenull ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Picea Abies ◽  
Decay Rate ◽  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Matrix Model ◽  
Rate Constants ◽  
Radiocarbon Dating ◽  
Time Lag ◽  
Larix Decidua ◽  
European Larch ◽  
14C Dating

Abstract. Due to the large size (e.g. sections of tree trunks) and highly heterogeneous spatial distribution of deadwood, the timescales involved in the coarse woody debris (CWD) decay of Picea abies (L.) Karst. and Larix decidua Mill. in Alpine forests are largely unknown. We investigated the CWD decay dynamics in an Alpine valley in Italy using the chronosequence approach and the five-decay class system that is based on a macromorphological assessment. For the decay classes 1–3, most of the dendrochronological samples were cross-dated to assess the time that had elapsed since tree death, but for decay classes 4 and 5 (poorly preserved tree rings) radiocarbon dating was used. In addition, density, cellulose, and lignin data were measured for the dated CWD. The decay rate constants for spruce and larch were estimated on the basis of the density loss using a single negative exponential model, a regression approach, and the stage-based matrix model. In the decay classes 1–3, the ages of the CWD were similar and varied between 1 and 54 years for spruce and 3 and 40 years for larch, with no significant differences between the classes; classes 1–3 are therefore not indicative of deadwood age. This seems to be due to a time lag between the death of a standing tree and its contact with the soil. We found distinct tree-species-specific differences in decay classes 4 and 5, with larch CWD reaching an average age of 210 years in class 5 and spruce only 77 years. The mean CWD rate constants were estimated to be in the range 0.018 to 0.022 y−1 for spruce and to about 0.012 y−1 for larch. Snapshot sampling (chronosequences) may overestimate the age and mean residence time of CWD. No sampling bias was, however, detectable using the stage-based matrix model. Cellulose and lignin time trends could be derived on the basis of the ages of the CWD. The half-lives for cellulose were 21 years for spruce and 50 years for larch. The half-life of lignin is considerably higher and may be more than 100 years in larch CWD. Consequently, the decay of Picea abies and Larix decidua is very low. Several uncertainties, however, remain: 14C dating of CWD from decay classes 4 and 5 and having a pre-bomb age is often difficult (large age range due to methodological constraints) and fall rates of both European larch and Norway spruce are missing.

scholarly journals Effects of Drought and Salinity on European Larch (Larix decidua Mill.) Seedlings

Forests ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 320 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ioana Plesa ◽  
Sara González-Orenga ◽  
Mohamad Al Hassan ◽  
Adriana Sestras ◽  
Oscar Vicente ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Larix Decidua ◽  
European Larch ◽  
Effects Of Drought

scholarly journals Biochemical Markers of Salt Stress in European Larch (Larix decidua)

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 430-438 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ioana PLESA ◽  
Mohamad AL HASSAN ◽  
Adriana F. SESTRAS ◽  
Oscar VICENTE ◽  
Monica BOSCAIU ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salt Stress ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Biochemical Markers ◽  
Larix Decidua ◽  
Stem Length ◽  
Relative Reduction ◽  
European Larch ◽  
Stress Markers ◽  
Steady Level ◽  
Different Populations

Larix decidua, the European larch, does not grow in natural saline areas, but it can be affected by salinity either by the common practice of winter de-icing of mountain roads with NaCl, or when grown as an ornamental tree in urban areas by the use of low quality, salinised irrigation water. In the present study, the responses to salt stress of young seedlings obtained from seeds of seven Carpathian larch populations were analysed. After 30 days of treatments with 150 mM NaCl, growth and biochemical parameters were determinated. Salt stress inhibited growth of all seedlings, as shown by the relative reduction of stem length and fresh weight, and induced significant changes in the needle levels of several biochemical stress markers. Seedlings from all populations showed a marked reduction of photosynthetic pigments contents and an increase of proline and malondialdehyde (MDA) concentrations. Under salt stress, plants accumulated Na+ and Cl- in the needles, whereas K+ was maintained at a steady level. Responses of seedlings from the different populations were similar, with only small quantitative differences that did not allow the identification of more salt tolerant genotypes. However, the study revealed that several of the biochemical markers mentioned above can be suitable for the rapid and non-destructive assessment of the effects of salinity in European larch.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document