scholarly journals Controlling the surface charge of simple viruses

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (9) ◽  
pp. e0255820
Author(s):  
A. L. Duran-Meza ◽  
M. V. Villagrana-Escareño ◽  
J. Ruiz-García ◽  
C. M. Knobler ◽  
W. M. Gelbart
Keyword(s):  
Ionic Strength ◽  
Surface Charge ◽  
Lipid Bilayer ◽  
Colloidal Particles ◽  
Plant Viruses ◽  
Brome Mosaic Virus ◽  
Host Cells ◽  
Cowpea Chlorotic Mottle Virus ◽  
Chlorotic Mottle Virus ◽  
Chlorotic Mottle

The vast majority of plant viruses are unenveloped, i.e., they lack a lipid bilayer that is characteristic of most animal viruses. The interactions between plant viruses, and between viruses and surfaces, properties that are essential for understanding their infectivity and to their use as bionanomaterials, are largely controlled by their surface charge, which depends on pH and ionic strength. They may also depend on the charge of their contents, i.e., of their genes or–in the instance of virus-like particles–encapsidated cargo such as nucleic acid molecules, nanoparticles or drugs. In the case of enveloped viruses, the surface charge of the capsid is equally important for controlling its interaction with the lipid bilayer that it acquires and loses upon leaving and entering host cells. We have previously investigated the charge on the unenveloped plant virus Cowpea Chlorotic Mottle Virus (CCMV) by measurements of its electrophoretic mobility. Here we examine the electrophoretic properties of a structurally and genetically closely related bromovirus, Brome Mosaic Virus (BMV), of its capsid protein, and of its empty viral shells, as functions of pH and ionic strength, and compare them with those of CCMV. From measurements of both solution and gel electrophoretic mobilities (EMs) we find that the isoelectric point (pI) of BMV (5.2) is significantly higher than that of CCMV (3.7), that virion EMs are essentially the same as those of the corresponding empty capsids, and that the same is true for the pIs of the virions and of their cleaved protein subunits. We discuss these results in terms of current theories of charged colloidal particles and relate them to biological processes and the role of surface charge in the design of new classes of drug and gene delivery systems.

scholarly journals Application of Plant Viruses as a Biotemplate for Nanomaterial Fabrication

Molecules ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 23 (9) ◽  
pp. 2311 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu Zhang ◽  
Yixin Dong ◽  
Jinhua Zhou ◽  
Xun Li ◽  
Fei Wang
Keyword(s):  
Tobacco Mosaic Virus ◽  
Mosaic Virus ◽  
Size Distribution ◽  
Plant Viruses ◽  
Brome Mosaic Virus ◽  
Cowpea Chlorotic Mottle Virus ◽  
High Uniformity ◽  
Chlorotic Mottle Virus ◽  
Chlorotic Mottle ◽  
Wide Range

Viruses are widely used to fabricate nanomaterials in the field of nanotechnology. Plant viruses are of great interest to the nanotechnology field because of their symmetry, polyvalency, homogeneous size distribution, and ability to self-assemble. This homogeneity can be used to obtain the high uniformity of the templated material and its related properties. In this paper, the variety of nanomaterials generated in rod-like and spherical plant viruses is highlighted for the cowpea chlorotic mottle virus (CCMV), cowpea mosaic virus (CPMV), brome mosaic virus (BMV), and tobacco mosaic virus (TMV). Their recent studies on developing nanomaterials in a wide range of applications from biomedicine and catalysts to biosensors are reviewed.

scholarly journals Encapsidation of Different Plasmonic Gold Nanoparticles by the CCMV CP

Molecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (11) ◽  
pp. 2628
Author(s):  
Ana L. Durán-Meza ◽  
Martha I. Escamilla-Ruiz ◽  
Xochitl F. Segovia-González ◽  
Maria V. Villagrana-Escareño ◽  
J. Roger Vega-Acosta ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gold Nanoparticles ◽  
Surface Charge ◽  
Gold Nanorods ◽  
Self Assembly ◽  
Ostwald Ripening ◽  
Gold Nanoshells ◽  
Medical Applications ◽  
Cowpea Chlorotic Mottle Virus ◽  
Chlorotic Mottle Virus ◽  
Chlorotic Mottle

Different types of gold nanoparticles have been synthesized that show great potential in medical applications such as medical imaging, bio-analytical sensing and photothermal cancer therapy. However, their stability, polydispersity and biocompatibility are major issues of concern. For example, the synthesis of gold nanorods, obtained through the elongated micelle process, produce them with a high positive surface charge that is cytotoxic, while gold nanoshells are unstable and break down in a few weeks due to the Ostwald ripening process. In this work, we report the self-assembly of the capsid protein (CP) of cowpea chlorotic mottle virus (CCMV) around spherical gold nanoparticles, gold nanorods and gold nanoshells to form virus-like particles (VLPs). All gold nanoparticles were synthesized or treated to give them a negative surface charge, so they can interact with the positive N-terminus of the CP leading to the formation of the VLPs. To induce the protein self-assembly around the negative gold nanoparticles, we use different pH and ionic strength conditions determined from a CP phase diagram. The encapsidation with the viral CP will provide the nanoparticles better biocompatibility, stability, monodispersity and a new biological substrate on which can be introduced ligands toward specific cells, broadening the possibilities for medical applications.

scholarly journals Bromovirus Movement Protein Conditions for the Host Specificity of Virus Movement Through the Vascular System and Affects Pathogenicity in Cowpea

2000 ◽  
Vol 13 (11) ◽  
pp. 1195-1203 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yasunari Fujita ◽  
Miki Fujita ◽  
Kazuyuki Mise ◽  
Takashi Kobori ◽  
Takeshi Osaki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Movement Protein ◽  
Vascular System ◽  
Systemic Infection ◽  
Brome Mosaic Virus ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Mesophyll Cells ◽  
Cowpea Chlorotic Mottle Virus ◽  
Chlorotic Mottle Virus ◽  
Chlorotic Mottle ◽  
Long Distance Movement

Previously, we reported that CCMV(B3a), a hybrid of bromovirus Cowpea chlorotic mottle virus (CCMV) with the 3a cell-to-cell movement protein (MP) gene replaced by that of cowpea-nonadapted bromovirus Brome mosaic virus (BMV), can form small infection foci in inoculated cowpea leaves, but that expansion of the foci stops between 1 and 2 days postinoculation. To determine whether the lack of systemic movement of CCMV(B3a) is due to restriction of local spread at specific leaf tissue interfaces, we conducted more detailed analyses of infection in inoculated leaves. Tissue-printing and leaf press-blotting analyses revealed that CCMV(B3a) was confined to the inoculated cowpea leaves and exhibited constrained movement into leaf veins. Immunocytochemical analyses to examine the infected cell types in inoculated leaves indicated that CCMV(B3a) was able to reach the bundle sheath cells through the mesophyll cells and successfully infected the phloem cells of 50% of the examined veins. Thus, these data demonstrate that the lack of long-distance movement of CCMV(B3a) is not due to an inability to reach the vas-culature, but results from failure of the virus to move through the vascular system of cowpea plants. Further, a previously identified 3a coding change (A776C), which is required for CCMV(B3a) systemic infection of cowpea plants, suppressed formation of reddish spots, mediated faster spread of infection, and enabled the virus to move into the veins of inoculated cowpea leaves. From these data, and the fact that CCMV(B3a) directs systemic infection in Nicotiana benthamiana, a permissive systemic host for both BMV and CCMV, we conclude that the bromovirus 3a MP engages in multiple activities that contribute substantially to host-specific long-distance movement through the phloem.

scholarly journals Small-Scale Isolation of Viral RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase from Protoplasts Inoculated with In Vitro Transcripts

2001 ◽  
Vol 91 (8) ◽  
pp. 747-752
Author(s):  
Scott Adkins ◽  
Dennis J. Lewandowski
Keyword(s):  
Rna Polymerase ◽  
Brome Mosaic Virus ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Rna Dependent Rna Polymerase ◽  
Cowpea Chlorotic Mottle Virus ◽  
Genomic Rnas ◽  
Chlorotic Mottle Virus ◽  
Chlorotic Mottle ◽  
In Vitro Transcripts

Cowpea chlorotic mottle virus (CCMV) replicated in tobacco suspension cell protoplasts inoculated with in vitro transcripts of CCMV RNA1, 2, and 3. CCMV RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) isolated from these protoplasts specifically recognized CCMV and Brome mosaic virus (BMV) subgenomic RNA promoters and directed in vitro RNA synthesis in a manner indistinguishable from CCMV RdRp more laboriously isolated from systemically infected cowpea leaves. Omission of CCMV RNA3 from the protoplast inoculum or replacement with in vitro transcripts of BMV RNA3 reduced CCMV (+)-strand RNA1 and 2 accumulation to ≈1/40 and ≈1/10, respectively, of the level attained when CCMV RNA3 was present. The absence of CCMV RNA3 did not prevent assembly and isolation of highly active, template-dependent and template-specific CCMV RdRp, which directed synthesis of products identical in size to those of RdRp isolated from protoplasts inoculated with all three CCMV genomic RNAs. These results demonstrate that CCMV RNA1 and 2 are sufficient for CCMV replication and RdRp assembly in tobacco protoplasts. This approach for isolation of functional viral RdRp will be especially useful for viruses for which large quantities of infected tissue are unavailable, such as those with specific tissue tropisms or mutants incapable of systemic movement.

scholarly journals Encapsidation of Different Plasmonic Gold Nanoparticles by the CCMV Capsid Protein

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Luisa Duran-Meza ◽  
Martha Itzel Escamilla-Ruiz ◽  
Xochitl Fabiola Segovia-Gonzalez ◽  
Maria Veronica Villagrana-Escareño ◽  
J. Roger Vega-Acosta ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gold Nanoparticles ◽  
Surface Charge ◽  
Capsid Protein ◽  
Gold Nanorods ◽  
Self Assembly ◽  
Ostwald Ripening ◽  
Gold Nanoshells ◽  
Cowpea Chlorotic Mottle Virus ◽  
Chlorotic Mottle Virus ◽  
Chlorotic Mottle

Different types of gold nanoparticles have been synthesized that great potential in medical applications such as medical imaging, bio-analytical sensing and photothermal therapy. However, their stability, polydispersity and biocompatibility are major issues of concern. For example, the synthesis of gold nanorods, obtained through the elongated micelle process, produce them with a high positive surface charge that is cytotoxic. While gold nanoshells are unstable and within a few weeks they decompose due to Ostwald ripening. In this work, we report the self-assembly of the capsid protein of cowpea chlorotic mottle virus (CCMV) around spherical gold nanoparticles, gold nanorods and gold nanoshells to form virus-like particles (VLPs). All gold nanoparticles were synthesized or treated to give them a negative surface charge, so they can interact with the positive N-terminus of the capsid protein leading to the formation of the VLPs. To induce the protein self-assembly around the negative gold nanoparticles, we use different pH and ionic strength conditions that were determined from the capsid protein phase diagram. The encapsidation with the viral capsid protein confers them better biocompatibility, stability, monodispersity and a new biological substrate on which one can introduce specific ligands towards particular cells, broadening the possibilities of medical application.

scholarly journals Evolutionarily Related Sindbis-Like Plant Viruses Maintain Different Levels of Population Diversity in a Common Host

2000 ◽  
Vol 74 (7) ◽  
pp. 3130-3134 ◽  
Author(s):  
William L. Schneider ◽  
Marilyn J. Roossinck
Keyword(s):  
Mosaic Virus ◽  
Nicotiana Benthamiana ◽  
Serial Passage ◽  
Plant Viruses ◽  
Population Diversity ◽  
Cowpea Chlorotic Mottle Virus ◽  
Chlorotic Mottle Virus ◽  
Chlorotic Mottle ◽  
Measurable Level ◽  
Different Levels

ABSTRACT The levels of population diversity of three related Sindbis-like plant viruses, Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV), Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), and Cowpea chlorotic mottle virus(CCMV), in infections of a common host, Nicotiana benthamiana, established from genetically identical viral RNA were examined. Despite probably having a common evolutionary ancestor, the three viruses maintained different levels of population diversity. CMV had the highest levels of diversity, TMV had an intermediate level of diversity, and CCMV had no measurable level of diversity in N. benthamiana. Interestingly, the levels of diversity were correlated to the relative host range sizes of the three viruses. The levels of diversity also remained relatively constant over the course of serial passage. Closer examination of the CMV and TMV populations revealed biases for particular types of substitutions and regions of the genome that may tolerate fewer mutations.

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