scholarly journals Waiting for the better reward: Comparison of delay of gratification in young children across two cultures

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (9) ◽  
pp. e0256966
Author(s):  
Ning Ding ◽  
Anna Frohnwieser ◽  
Rachael Miller ◽  
Nicola S. Clayton
Keyword(s):  
Inhibitory Control ◽  
Cultural Influences ◽  
Delay Of Gratification ◽  
Task Demands ◽  
Self Control ◽  
Chinese Children ◽  
Social Orientation ◽  
Age Related ◽  
And Performance ◽  
British Children

Delay of gratification–a form of self-control–is the ability to forsake immediately available rewards in order to obtain larger-valued outcomes in future, which develops throughout the pre-school years. The majority of previous research in this area has been conducted with Western populations, therefore knowledge of Eastern children’s performance is scarcer. Here, utilising on a recently published dataset of British children (n = 61), we further tested delay of gratification in 3 to 5-year-old Chinese children (n = 75) using Bramlett et al.’s (2012) delay choice paradigm. The paradigm was previously used in non-human primates and it featured a mechanized rotating tray that sequentially moves rewards within reach. Additionally, we administered 3 inhibitory control tasks and 1 standardised delay choice task to Chinese pre-schoolers (British children were not tested). We aimed to investigate the influence of culture, reward type and reward visibility on pre-schoolers’ ability to delay gratification. We found significant age-related improvements in delay of gratification ability in both countries and children performed better when presented with rewards varying in quality than quantity. Consistent with previous cross-cultural literature, Chinese children showed better overall performance than their British peers when reward visibility was manipulated (though reward visibility itself had no significant effect on performance). There were significant correlations in Chinese children’s performance in Bramlett et al.’s (2012) delay choice paradigm and performance in some (though not all tested) inhibitory control tasks. We discuss these results in relation to task demands and the broader social orientation of self-control. We concluded that the intuitive comparative assessment of self-control task taps into children’s delay of gratification ability. Our results emphasize the importance of testing for socio-cultural influences on children’s cognitive development.

scholarly journals Waiting for the Better Reward: Comparison of Delay of Gratification in Young Children across Two Cultures

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ning Ding ◽  
Anna Frohnwieser ◽  
Rachael Miller ◽  
Nicola Clayton
Keyword(s):  
Inhibitory Control ◽  
Cultural Influences ◽  
Delay Of Gratification ◽  
Task Demands ◽  
Self Control ◽  
Social Orientation ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Overall Performance ◽  
Delay Choice Task ◽  
And Performance

Delay of gratification – a form of self-control – is the ability to forsake immediately available rewards in order to obtain larger-valued outcomes in future, which develops throughout the pre-school years. The majority of previous research in this area has been conducted with Western populations, therefore knowledge of Eastern children’s performance is scarcer. Here, we tested delay of gratification in 136 3 to 5-year-old British (n=61) and Chinese (n=75) children using Bramlett et al. (1) delay choice paradigm previously used in non-human primates, which featured a mechanized rotating tray that sequentially moves rewards within reach. Additionally, we administered 3 inhibitory control tasks and 1 standardised delay choice task to Chinese pre-schoolers (British children were not tested). We aimed to investigate the influence of culture, reward type and reward visibility on pre-schoolers’ ability to delay gratification. We found significant age-related improvements in delay of gratification ability in both countries and children performed better when presented with rewards varying in quality than quantity. Consistent with previous cross-cultural literature, Chinese children showed better overall performance than their British peers when reward visibility was manipulated (though reward visibility itself had no significant effect on performance). There were significant correlations in Chinese children’s performance in Bramlett et al. (1) delay choice paradigm and performance in some (though not all tested) inhibitory control tasks. We discuss these results in relation to task demands and the broader social orientation of self-control. We concluded that the intuitive comparative assessment of self-control task taps into children’s delay of gratification ability. Our results emphasize the importance of testing for socio-cultural influences on children’s cognitive development.

scholarly journals Waiting for the Better Reward: Comparison of Delay of Gratification in Young Children across Two Cultures

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ning Ding ◽  
Anna Frohnwieser ◽  
Rachael Miller ◽  
Nicola Clayton
Keyword(s):  
Inhibitory Control ◽  
Cultural Influences ◽  
Delay Of Gratification ◽  
Task Demands ◽  
Self Control ◽  
Social Orientation ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Overall Performance ◽  
Delay Choice Task ◽  
And Performance

Delay of gratification – a form of self-control – is the ability to forsake immediately available rewards in order to obtain larger-valued outcomes in future, which develops throughout the pre-school years. The majority of previous research in this area has been conducted with Western populations, therefore knowledge of Eastern children’s performance is scarcer. Here, we tested delay of gratification in 136 3 to 5-year-old British (n=61) and Chinese (n=75) children using Bramlett et al. (1) delay choice paradigm previously used in non-human primates, which featured a mechanized rotating tray that sequentially moves rewards within reach. Additionally, we administered 3 inhibitory control tasks and 1 standardised delay choice task to Chinese pre-schoolers (British children were not tested). We aimed to investigate the influence of culture, reward type and reward visibility on pre-schoolers’ ability to delay gratification. We found significant age-related improvements in delay of gratification ability in both countries and children performed better when presented with rewards varying in quality than quantity. Consistent with previous cross-cultural literature, Chinese children showed better overall performance than their British peers when reward visibility was manipulated (though reward visibility itself had no significant effect on performance). There were significant correlations in Chinese children’s performance in Bramlett et al. (1) delay choice paradigm and performance in some (though not all tested) inhibitory control tasks. We discuss these results in relation to task demands and the broader social orientation of self-control. We concluded that the intuitive comparative assessment of self-control task taps into children’s delay of gratification ability. Our results emphasize the importance of testing for socio-cultural influences on children’s cognitive development.

scholarly journals Waiting for the Better Reward: Comparison of Delay of Gratification in Young Children across Two Cultures

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ning Ding ◽  
Anna Frohnwieser ◽  
Rachael Miller ◽  
Nicola Clayton
Keyword(s):  
Inhibitory Control ◽  
Cultural Influences ◽  
Delay Of Gratification ◽  
Task Demands ◽  
Self Control ◽  
Social Orientation ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Overall Performance ◽  
Delay Choice Task ◽  
And Performance

Delay of gratification – a form of self-control – is the ability to forsake immediately available rewards in order to obtain larger-valued outcomes in future, which develops throughout the pre-school years. The majority of previous research in this area has been conducted with Western populations, therefore knowledge of Eastern children’s performance is scarcer. Here, we tested delay of gratification in 136 3 to 5-year-old British (n=61) and Chinese (n=75) children using Bramlett et al. (1) delay choice paradigm previously used in non-human primates, which featured a mechanized rotating tray that sequentially moves rewards within reach. Additionally, we administered 3 inhibitory control tasks and 1 standardised delay choice task to Chinese pre-schoolers (British children were not tested). We aimed to investigate the influence of culture, reward type and reward visibility on pre-schoolers’ ability to delay gratification. We found significant age-related improvements in delay of gratification ability in both countries and children performed better when presented with rewards varying in quality than quantity. Consistent with previous cross-cultural literature, Chinese children showed better overall performance than their British peers when reward visibility was manipulated (though reward visibility itself had no significant effect on performance). There were significant correlations in Chinese children’s performance in Bramlett et al. (1) delay choice paradigm and performance in some (though not all tested) inhibitory control tasks. We discuss these results in relation to task demands and the broader social orientation of self-control. We concluded that the intuitive comparative assessment of self-control task taps into children’s delay of gratification ability. Our results emphasize the importance of testing for socio-cultural influences on children’s cognitive development.

Psychological features of the socio-psychological adaptation of employees of internal affairs bodies with a different level of personal adaptation potential

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 (3) ◽  
pp. 234-240
Author(s):  
Ekaterina Popinako ◽  
Natal'ya Goncharova
Keyword(s):  
Adaptive Capacity ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Self Regulation ◽  
Psychological Adaptation ◽  
Self Control ◽  
Social Orientation ◽  
Professional Activities ◽  
Internal Affairs ◽  
And Performance ◽  
High Level

Socio-psychological adaptation of the employee is an important condition for the success of professional activities, determining the effectiveness and reliability of the subject in performing operational tasks. The scientific significance of the problem is actualized in the professions of social orientation and requires not only physiological adaptations, but analysis of prospects predict the dynamics of adaptation, a constructive interaction and cooperation in socio-professional environment. Current empirical studies show that law enforcement problems of professional adaptation involve a lot of social regulatory factors, value and moral content. In the presented results of empirical research the peculiarities of socio-psychological adaptation of employees of internal Affairs bodies with different level of personal adaptive capacity are discussed. Statistical analysis of indicators of two groups of adapted and unadapted staff allowed us to establish reliably significant differences in the adaptation on physical, psychological and social levels. It was revealed that employees with low levels of adaptive capacity are different in asthenic reactions, neuropsychological instability, emotional discomfort, severity of negative emotional state. The overall profile of socio-psychological adaptation is characterized by low level of behavioral self-regulation and communicative potential difficulties in establishing a constructive relationship, deconditioning disorders. It was found that employees with a high level of personal adaptive capacity are different in activity and performance, neuro-psychological stability, the capacity for behavioral self-control, communicative abilities and moral normativity. Indicators of socio-psychological adaptation demonstrate the ability to adequate perception of social norms, the availability of professional motives in the activities, alignment of personal interests with the interests of the service activities, goodwill in the relationship, cooperation and responsibility.

How Focus of Interest in Pictures Changes with Age: A Cross-cultural Comparison

1998 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 127-149 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard P. Jolley ◽  
Zhang Zhi ◽  
Glyn V. Thomas
Keyword(s):  
Age Differences ◽  
Subject Matter ◽  
Chinese Children ◽  
Cultural Comparison ◽  
Visual Metaphor ◽  
Everyday Objects ◽  
Cross Cultural Comparison ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Eastern Cultures ◽  
British Children

British and Chinese participants ranging from 4 years of age to adult were presented with sets of drawings of everyday objects, and asked to match two out of three. The drawings could be matched on colour, subject matter, or visual metaphor. In both cultures there was a significant progression from matching on colour to subject matter, and then from matching on subject matter to metaphor. These age-related differences in the selected basis for matching may reflect age-related changes in focus of interest, and provide experimental data that is consistent with Parsons’ (1987) claims towards the development of understanding about art. The findings of broadly similar age differences in Chinese as well as British children suggest that this pattern of development is not culture-specific. Chinese children, however, showed an earlier and more pronounced progression to matching on metaphor than did the British children, which is hard to reconcile with previous suggestions (see, for example, Parsons, 1987; Winner, 1989) that a progression of interest beyond subject matter may not take place in Eastern cultures. The training Chinese children receive in monitoring detail in pictures and in Chinese characters may facilitate attention to the graphic devices that communicate metaphorical messages.

Parasympathetic Concomitants of Habitual, Spontaneous, and Instructed Emotional Suppression

2017 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 78-89 ◽  
Author(s):  
Asmir Gračanin ◽  
Igor Kardum ◽  
Jasna Hudek-Knežević
Keyword(s):  
Negative Emotion ◽  
Self Regulation ◽  
Experimental Manipulation ◽  
Task Demands ◽  
Self Control ◽  
Integration Model ◽  
Sinus Arrhythmia ◽  
Emotional Suppression ◽  
Emotion Experience ◽  
Similar Relation

Abstract. The neurovisceral integration model proposes that different forms of self-regulation, including the emotional suppression, are characterized by the activation of neural network whose workings are also reflected in respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA). However, most of the previous studies failed to observe theoretically expected increases in RSA during emotional suppression. Even when such effects were observed, it was not clear whether they resulted from specific task demands, a decrease in muscle activity, or they were the consequence of more specific self-control processes. We investigated the relation between habitual or trait-like suppression, spontaneous, and instructed suppression with changes in RSA during negative emotion experience. A modest positive correlation between spontaneous situational and habitual suppression was observed across two experimental tasks. Furthermore, the results showed greater RSA increase among participants who experienced higher negative affect (NA) increase and reported higher spontaneous suppression than among those with higher NA increase and lower spontaneous suppression. Importantly, this effect was independent from the habitual suppression and observable facial expressions. The results of the additional task based on experimental manipulation, rather than spontaneous use of situational suppression, indicated a similar relation between suppression and RSA. Our results consistently demonstrate that emotional suppression, especially its self-regulation component, is followed by the increase in parasympathetic activity.

Cognitive Factors Mediate the Relation Between Age and Flight Path Maintenance in General Aviation

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 81-90 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathleen Van Benthem ◽  
Chris M. Herdman
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Functioning ◽  
Flight Path ◽  
General Aviation ◽  
Cognitive Factors ◽  
Pilot Performance ◽  
Pilot Error ◽  
Age Related ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract. Identifying pilot attributes associated with risk is important, especially in general aviation where pilot error is implicated in most accidents. This research examined the relationship of pilot age, expertise, and cognitive functioning to deviations from an ideal circuit trajectory. In all, 54 pilots, of varying age, flew a Cessna 172 simulator. Cognitive measures were obtained using the CogScreen-AE ( Kay, 1995 ). Older age and lower levels of expertise and cognitive functioning were associated with significantly greater flight path deviations. The relationship between age and performance was fully mediated by a cluster of cognitive factors: speed and working memory, visual attention, and cognitive flexibility. These findings add to the literature showing that age-related changes in cognition may impact pilot performance.

scholarly journals Good Character at College: The Combined Role of Second-Order Character Strength Factors and Phronesis Motivation in Undergraduate Academic Outcomes

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (16) ◽  
pp. 8263
Author(s):  
Jorge L. Villacís ◽  
Jesús de la Fuente ◽  
Concepción Naval
Keyword(s):  
Academic Outcomes ◽  
Academic Engagement ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Self Control ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Character Strength ◽  
The North ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Relevance Measure ◽  
North Of Spain

A renewed interest in the study of character and virtue has recently emerged in the fields of Education and Psychology. The latest research has confirmed the association between virtuous consistent behaviours and academic positive outcomes. However, the motivational dimension of character (the intentions underlying the patterns of observed behaviours) has received little attention. This research aims to extend the knowledge on this topic by examining the predictive relationships between the behavioural and motivational dimensions of character, with reference to academic engagement, career self-doubt and performance of Spanish university students. A total of 183 undergraduates aged 18–30 (142 of whom were women) from the north of Spain completed specific parts of self-report questionnaires, including the Values in Action VIA-72, a Spanish translated and validated version of the Moral Self-Relevance Measure MSR, and the Utrecht Work Engagement Student Scale UWES-S9. The collected data were analysed using Structural Equation Modelling. The behavioural dimension of character (character strength factors of caring, self-control and inquisitiveness) showed positive associations with academic engagement and performance. The motivational dimension of character (phronesis motivation), was negatively related to career self-doubt. For the first time, the present study has provided support for the contribution of both dimensions of character to undergraduate academic outcomes.

Does What We See Shape History? Examining Workload History as a Function of Performance and Ambient/Focal Visual Attention

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-17
Author(s):  
Shannon P. Devlin ◽  
Jennifer K. Byham ◽  
Sara Lu Riggs
Keyword(s):  
Visual Attention ◽  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Performance Measure ◽  
Task Demands ◽  
Unexpected Finding ◽  
Impact Performance ◽  
History Effects ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Workload History ◽  
Over Time

Changes in task demands can have delayed adverse impacts on performance. This phenomenon, known as the workload history effect, is especially of concern in dynamic work domains where operators manage fluctuating task demands. The existing workload history literature does not depict a consistent picture regarding how these effects manifest, prompting research to consider measures that are informative on the operator's process. One promising measure is visual attention patterns, due to its informativeness on various cognitive processes. To explore its ability to explain workload history effects, participants completed a task in an unmanned aerial vehicle command and control testbed where workload transitioned gradually and suddenly. The participants’ performance and visual attention patterns were studied over time to identify workload history effects. The eye-tracking analysis consisted of using a recently developed eye-tracking metric called coefficient K , as it indicates whether visual attention is more focal or ambient. The performance results found workload history effects, but it depended on the workload level, time elapsed, and performance measure. The eye-tracking analysis suggested performance suffered when focal attention was deployed during low workload, which was an unexpected finding. When synthesizing these results, they suggest unexpected visual attention patterns can impact performance immediately over time. Further research is needed; however, this work shows the value of including a real-time visual attention measure, such as coefficient K , as a means to understand how the operator manages varying task demands in complex work environments.

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