scholarly journals Coordination between terminal variation of the viral genome and insect microRNAs regulates rice stripe virus replication in insect vectors

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. e1009424
Author(s):  
Wan Zhao ◽  
Jinting Yu ◽  
Feng Jiang ◽  
Wei Wang ◽  
Le Kang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Viral Replication ◽  
Viral Genome ◽  
Promoter Activity ◽  
Brown Planthopper ◽  
Rice Stripe Virus ◽  
Genomic Variation ◽  
Reverse Genetic System ◽  
Insect Vector ◽  
Insect Vectors ◽  
Extension Sequence

Maintenance of a balance between the levels of viral replication and selective pressure from the immune systems of insect vectors is one of the prerequisites for efficient transmission of insect-borne propagative phytoviruses. The mechanism regulating the adaptation of RNA viruses to insect vectors by genomic variation remains unknown. Our previous study demonstrated an extension of the 3’-untranslated terminal region (UTR) of two genomic segments of rice stripe virus (RSV). In the present study, a reverse genetic system for RSV in human cells and an insect vector, the small brown planthopper Laodelphax striatellus, was used to demonstrate that the 3’-terminal extensions suppressed viral replication in vector insects by inhibiting promoter activity due to structural interference with the panhandle structure formed by viral 3’- and 5’-UTRs. The extension sequence in the viral RNA1 segment was targeted by an endogenous insect microRNA, miR-263a, which decreased the inhibitory effect of the extension sequence on viral promoter activity. Surprisingly, the expression of miR-263a was negatively regulated by RSV infection. This elaborate coordination between terminal variation of the viral genome and endogenous insect microRNAs controls RSV replication in planthopper, thus reflecting a distinct strategy of adaptation of phytoviruses to insect vectors.

scholarly journals Regulation of RNA Interference Pathways in the Insect Vector Laodelphax striatellus by Viral Proteins of Rice Stripe Virus

Viruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 1591
Author(s):  
Yan Xiao ◽  
Qiong Li ◽  
Wei Wang ◽  
Yumei Fu ◽  
Feng Cui
Keyword(s):  
Rna Interference ◽  
Viral Replication ◽  
Protein Binding ◽  
Brown Planthopper ◽  
Rice Stripe Virus ◽  
Transcript Level ◽  
Infection Process ◽  
Insect Vector ◽  
Binding Assays ◽  
Protein Levels

RNA interference (RNAi), especially the small interfering RNA (siRNA) and microRNA (miRNA) pathways, plays an important role in defending against viruses in plants and insects. However, how insect-transmitted phytoviruses regulate the RNAi-mediated antiviral response in vector insects has barely been uncovered. In this study, we explored the interaction between rice stripe virus (RSV) and the miRNA and siRNA pathways of the small brown planthopper, which is a vector insect. The transcript and protein levels of key genes in the two RNAi pathways did not change during the RSV infection process. When the expression of insect Ago1, Ago2, or Translin was silenced by the injection of double-stranded RNAs targeting these genes, viral replication was promoted with Ago2 silencing but inhibited with Translin silencing. Protein-protein binding assays showed that viral NS2 and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase interacted with insect Ago2 and Translin, respectively. When NS2 was knocked down, the transcript level of Ago2 increased and viral replication was inhibited. Therefore, viral NS2 behaved like an siRNA suppressor in vector insects. This protein-binding regulation of insect RNAi systems reflects a complicated and diverse coevolution of viruses with their vector insects.

scholarly journals The nucleocapsid protein of rice stripe virus in cell nuclei of vector insect regulates viral replication

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wan Zhao ◽  
Junjie Zhu ◽  
Hong Lu ◽  
Jiaming Zhu ◽  
Fei Jiang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Viral Replication ◽  
Nucleocapsid Protein ◽  
Brown Planthopper ◽  
Rice Stripe Virus ◽  
Host Cells ◽  
Cell Nuclei ◽  
Nuclear Entry ◽  
Genomic Rnas ◽  
Importin Α ◽  
Vector Insect

AbstractRice stripe virus (RSV) transmitted by the small brown planthopper causes severe rice yield losses in Asian countries. Although viral nuclear entry promotes viral replication in host cells, whether this phenomenon occurs in vector cells remains unknown. Therefore, in this study, we systematically evaluated the presence and roles of RSV in the nuclei of vector insect cells. We observed that the nucleocapsid protein (NP) and viral genomic RNAs were partially transported into vector cell nuclei by utilizing the importin α nuclear transport system. When blocking NP nuclear localization, cytoplasmic RSV accumulation significantly increased. In the vector cell nuclei, NP bound the transcription factor YY1 and affected its positive regulation to FAIM. Subsequently, decreased FAIM expression triggered an antiviral caspase-dependent apoptotic reaction. Our results reveal that viral nuclear entry induces completely different immune effects in vector and host cells, providing new insights into the balance between viral load and the immunity pressure in vector insects.

scholarly journals Unusual characteristics of dicistrovirus-derived small RNAs in the small brown planthopper, Laodelphax striatellus

2014 ◽  
Vol 95 (3) ◽  
pp. 712-718 ◽  
Author(s):  
Junmin Li ◽  
Ida Bagus Andika ◽  
Yanru Zhou ◽  
Jiangfeng Shen ◽  
Zongtao Sun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rna Interference ◽  
Small Rna ◽  
Small Rnas ◽  
Viral Genome ◽  
Size Range ◽  
Brown Planthopper ◽  
Insect Vector ◽  
Laodelphax Striatellus ◽  
Sense Strand ◽  
Wide Size Distribution

In this study, sequences of small RNA (sRNA) libraries derived from the insect vector Laodelphax striatellus were assembled into contigs and used as queries for database searches. A large number of contigs were highly homologous to the genome sequence of an insect dicistrovirus, himetobi P virus (HiPV). Interestingly, HiPV-derived sRNAs had a wide size distribution, and were relatively abundant throughout the 18–30 nt size range with only a slight peak at 22 nt. HiPV sRNAs had a strong bias towards the sense strand, whilst the antisense sRNAs were predominantly 21 and 22 nt. HiPV sRNAs do not have the typical features of PIWI-interacting RNAs, but their 3′ ends were preferentially cleaved at UA-rich sequences. Our data suggest that HiPV sRNAs may be derived both from activities of the RNA interference pathway and from cleavage of the viral genome by other host RNases.

scholarly journals An insect cell line derived from the small brown planthopper supports replication of rice stripe virus, a tenuivirus

2013 ◽  
Vol 94 (6) ◽  
pp. 1421-1425 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuanyuan Ma ◽  
Wei Wu ◽  
Hongyan Chen ◽  
Qifei Liu ◽  
Dongsheng Jia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Viral Infection ◽  
Cell Line ◽  
Persistent Infection ◽  
Brown Planthopper ◽  
Insect Cell Line ◽  
Rice Stripe Virus ◽  
Insect Vector ◽  
Structural Protein ◽  
Small Brown Planthopper ◽  
A Cell

A cell line from the small brown planthopper (SBPH; Laodelphax striatellus) was established to study replication of rice stripe virus (RSV), a tenuivirus. The SBPH cell line, which had been subcultured through 30 passages, formed monolayers of epithelial-like cells. Inoculation of cultured vector cells with RSV resulted in a persistent infection. During viral infection in the SBPH cell line, the viral non-structural protein NS3 co-localized with the filamentous ribonucleoprotein particles of RSV, as revealed by electron and confocal microscopy. The knockdown of NS3 expression due to RNA interference induced by synthesized double-stranded RNAs from the NS3 gene significantly inhibited viral infection in the SBPH cell line. These results demonstrated that NS3 of RSV might be involved in viral replication or assembly. The persistent infection of the SBPH cell line by RSV will enable a better understanding of the complex relationship between RSV and its insect vector.

Alternative splicing landscape of small brown planthopper and different response of JNK2 isoforms to rice stripe virus infection

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lu Tong ◽  
Xiaofang Chen ◽  
Wei Wang ◽  
Yan Xiao ◽  
Jinting Yu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alternative Splicing ◽  
Brown Planthopper ◽  
Rice Stripe Virus ◽  
Insect Vectors ◽  
Sequencing Technology ◽  
Transcript Isoforms ◽  
Small Brown Planthopper ◽  
Rsv Infection ◽  
Alternatively Spliced ◽  
Complex Relationships

Alternative splicing (AS) is a frequent posttranscriptional regulatory event occurring in response to various endogenous and exogenous stimuli in most eukaryotic organisms. However, little is known about the effects of insect-transmitted viruses on AS events in insect vectors. The present study used third-generation sequencing technology and RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) to evaluate the AS response in the small brown planthopper Laodelphax striatellus to rice stripe virus (RSV). The full-length transcriptome of L. striatellus was obtained using single-molecule real-time sequencing technology (SMRT). Posttranscriptional regulatory events, including AS, alternative polyadenylation, and fusion transcripts, were analyzed. A total of 28,175 nonredundant transcript isoforms included 24,950 transcripts assigned to 8,500 annotated genes of L. striatellus , and 5,000 of these genes (58.8%) had AS events. RNA-Seq of the gut samples of insects infected by RSV for 8 d identified 3,458 differentially expressed transcripts (DETs); 2,185 of these DETs were transcribed from 1,568 genes that had AS events, indicating that 31.4% of alternatively spliced genes responded to RSV infection of the gut. One of the c-Jun N-terminal kinase ( JNK ) genes, JNK2 , experienced exon skipping, resulting in three transcript isoforms. These three isoforms differentially responded to RSV infection during development and in various organs. Injection of double-stranded RNAs targeting all or two isoforms indicated that three or at least two JNK2 isoforms facilitated RSV accumulation in planthoppers. These results implied that AS events could participate in the regulation of complex relationships between viruses and insect vectors. Importance Alternative splicing (AS) is a regulatory mechanism that occurs after gene transcription. AS events can enrich protein diversity to promote the reactions of the organisms to various endogenous and exogenous stimulations. It is not known how insect vectors exploit AS events to cope with transmitted viruses. The present study used third-generation sequencing technology to obtain the profile of AS events in the small brown planthopper Laodelphax striatellus , which is an efficient vector for rice stripe virus (RSV). The results indicated that 31.4% of alternatively spliced genes responded to RSV infection in the gut of planthoppers. One of the c-Jun N-terminal kinase ( JNK ) genes, JNK2 , produced three transcript isoforms by AS. These three isoforms showed different responses to RSV infection, and at least two isoforms facilitated viral accumulation in planthoppers. These results implied that AS events could participate in the regulation of complex relationships between viruses and insect vectors.

scholarly journals Interplay of Rice Stripe Virus and Rice Black Streaked Dwarf Virus during Their Acquisition and Accumulation in Insect Vector

Viruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 1121
Author(s):  
Marcia Beatriz Moya Fernández ◽  
Wenwen Liu ◽  
Lu Zhang ◽  
Jamal-U-Ddin Hajano ◽  
Xifeng Wang
Keyword(s):  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Brown Planthopper ◽  
Rice Stripe Virus ◽  
Plant Viruses ◽  
Dwarf Virus ◽  
Insect Vector ◽  
Laodelphax Striatellus ◽  
Persistent Viruses ◽  
Vector Insect

Plant viruses transmitted by hemipteran vectors commonly cause losses to crop production. Rice stripe virus (RSV) and rice black streaked dwarf virus (RBSDV) are transmitted to rice plants by the same vector, the small brown planthopper (SBPH), Laodelphax striatellus Fallén, in a persistent propagative manner. However, rarely do the respective diseases they cause occur simultaneously in a field. Here, we determined the acquisition efficiency of RSV and RBSDV when acquired in succession or simultaneously by SBPH. When RBSDV was acquired first, RSV acquisition efficiency was significantly lower than when only acquiring RSV. However, RBSDV acquisition efficiency from insects that acquired RSV first was not significantly different between the insects only acquiring RBSDV. Immunofluorescence assays showed that the acquisition of RBSDV first might inhibit RSV entry into midgut epithelial cells, but RSV did not affect RBSDV entry. SBPHs were more likely to acquire RBSDV when they were feeding on plants coinfected with the two viruses. When RBSDV was acquired before RSV, RBSDV titer was significantly higher and RSV titer first declined, then increased compared to when only acquiring RBSDV or RSV. Only 5% of the SBPHs acquired both viruses when feeding on plants coinfected with RSV and RBSDV. These results provide a better understanding of the interaction between two persistent viruses when present in the same vector insect and explain why RSV and RBSDV occur in intermittent epidemics.

Abstract 229: Determination of Phase-specific Biomarkers of Viral Myocarditis Induced by Theiler’s virus Using Multivariate Analyses of Viral Genome, Troponin, Transcriptome and Echocardiography Data

2013 ◽  
Vol 113 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Eiichiro Kawai ◽  
Seiichi Omura ◽  
Fumitaka Sato ◽  
Nicholas E Martinez ◽  
Viromi Fernando ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Viral Replication ◽  
Microarray Data ◽  
Viral Genome ◽  
Troponin I ◽  
Multivariate Analyses ◽  
Viral Myocarditis ◽  
Myocardial Damage ◽  
Heart Tissue ◽  
Viral Rna

Viral myocarditis has been proposed to be initiated by viral replication in the heart (acute phase), followed by immune-mediated damage (subacute phase), where each phase requires anti-viral and immunomodulatory treatments, respectively. There are no specific biomarkers to distinguish acute from subacute phases of myocarditis while serum troponin, echocardiography, and myocardial biopsy data have been used for diagnosis clinically. To determine the phase-specific biomarkers, we used a mouse model for myocarditis induced by Theiler’s murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV), which belongs to the genus Cardiovirus, the family Picornaviridae. We conducted multivariate analyses of viral genome, serum cardiac troponin I, echocardiography, histology, and transcriptome using microarray data of the heart tissue harvested on 4 (acute) and 7 (subacute) days post infection (dpi). The level of viral RNA semi-quantified by RT-PCR was 10-fold higher on 4 dpi (ΔCt = 2.5×10-2 ± 4.9×10-3) than 7 dpi (ΔCt = 2.6×10-3 ± 3.0×10-4) (P < 0.05). Serum troponin was undetectable in 4 of 10 mice on 4 dpi and only in 1 of 10 mice on 7 dpi; the serum troponin levels (ng/ml) on 4 dpi (42.9 ± 15.6) were significantly lower than 7 dpi (249.9 ± 62.8) (P < 0.05). The levels of viral RNA and troponin were strongly correlated on 4 dpi (r = 0.79, P < 0.05), but not 7 dpi (P = 0.12), suggesting that viral replication could be a major cause of myocardial damage only on 4 dpi. We found multiple high intensity cardiac lesions using echocardiography with histological myocarditis on 7 dpi, but not 4 dpi. Transcriptome analyses of microarray data showed upregulation of genes associated with innate immune responses in samples from 4 and 7 dpi, compared with controls. Samples from 7 dpi showed upregulation of genes associated with T, B, and antigen presenting cells and downregulation of cardiac myosin-related genes (Myl4, Myl7, and Mybphl), compared with 4 dpi, suggesting that acquired immune responses contribute to cardiomyocyte damage on 7 dpi. In summary, the chronological order of emergence of biomarker candidates was 1) viral genome and innate immunity, 2) troponin, and 3) acquired immunity and echo and histological changes.

scholarly journals The Resistances to Rice Stripe Virus and Small Brown Planthopper in Rice Variety, IR 50.

1994 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-18
Author(s):  
Hiroshi Nemoto ◽  
Kouichi Ishikawa ◽  
Eiji Shimura
Keyword(s):  
Rice Variety ◽  
Brown Planthopper ◽  
Rice Stripe Virus ◽  
Small Brown Planthopper

scholarly journals Potential of Peptide-Based Non-Structural Protein 1 (NS1) Inhibitor in Obstructing Dengue Virus (DENV) Replication

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Muhammad Mikail Athif Zhafir Asyura ◽  
Ahmad Fauzi ◽  
Fakhru Adlan Ayub
Keyword(s):  
Dengue Virus ◽  
Viral Replication ◽  
Dengue Fever ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Viral Protein ◽  
Viral Genome ◽  
Antiviral Drug ◽  
Ns1 Protein ◽  
Humoral Immune ◽  
Stimulation Of

Introduction: Dengue Virus (DENV) is the pathogen for human dengue fever and is responsible for 390 million infections per year. The viral genome produces about 10 viral protein products, one of them being NS1. The NS1 protein plays a key role in viral replication and stimulation of humoral immune cells, thus being the perfect candidate to create an effective antiviral drug or vaccine for dengue Methods: Dengue Virus (DENV) is the pathogen for human dengue fever and is responsible for 390 million infections per year. The viral genome produces about 10 viral protein products, one of them being NS1. The NS1 protein plays a key role in viral replication and stimulation of humoral immune cells, thus being the perfect candidate to create an effective antiviral drug or vaccine for dengue Conclusion: The review established promising results of using peptide-based intervention on NS1. Further in vivo and randomized controlled trials are advised to solidify the applicability and biosafety of the intervention    

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