Isolation and Identification of Bacteria in the Mouth Before and After Ablution

Background: The oral is the gateway for the entry of various kinds of microorganisms into the body, with the prevalence of people having dental and oral problems in Indonesia increasing every year. The normal flora of the oral acts as a body defense, but it can cause disease due to predisposing factors, namely oral hygiene. Therefore, it is necessary to find an alternative in maintaining oral health. Islam is a religion that emphasizes personal hygiene, such as performing ablution. Content: The types of bacteria found in the oral before ablution was 33.33% Pseudomonas sp., 6.67% Lactobacillus sp., 3.33% Streptococcus sp. and 0.14% Staphylococcus sp. while the types of bacteria found in the oral after ablution were 26,8% Pseudomonas sp., 20% Lactobacillus sp., 5% Streptococcus sp. and 2% Staphylococcus sp. Conclusion: There was a change in the number of bacteria, namely an increase in gram-positive bacteria in the oral after ablution.

Role of Hepcidin in Pediatric Chronic Kidney Disease with Anemia

Introduction: Anemia is a frequent complication of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in children and it causes an increase in morbidity, mortality and accelerates the rate of progression of CKD. Inflammation and impaired kidney clearance increase plasma hepcidin, inhibiting duodenal iron absorption and sequestering iron in macrophages. However, the role of hepcidin in increasing the risk of anemia in children with CKD is still uncertain. This study aimed to investigate the association between hepcidin levels and anemia in children with pre-dialysis CKD. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted at Dr. Soetomo Academic Hospital from December 2018 to February 2019. Children with pre-dialysis CKD were enrolled in this study. The subject had no history of erythropoietin administration and blood transfusion 3 months before the blood sample were withdrawn. A complete blood count, ferritin serum, transferrin saturation (TSAT) and hepcidin serum were performed. The correlations between Hepcidin and ferritin level, between ferritin level and anemia, and between TSAT and anemia were analyzed using Spearman correlation and the Mann-Whitney test. Results: A total of 47 children, 27 boys and 20 girls, ranged in age from 3 months to 18 years old. There was a significant correlation between hepcidin and ferritin levels (p=0.006) and the value of the Spearman correlation was r=0.392. While the correlation between ferritin level and anemia showed a significant result, p=0.001. However, TSAT did not show any significant correlation with anemia (p=0.230). Conclusion: There was an indirect association between hepcidin level and anemia by increasing ferritin level that induces anemia in pre-dialysis CKD children.

Antibacterial Potency of Black Garlic Extract from Allium sativum on Escherichia coli

Background: Diarrhea is still one of the global issues especially in developing countries. Diarrhea can be caused by either an infectious agent or a non-infectious agent. Escherichia coli is one of the infectious agents that is responsible for causing diarrhea. Garlic (Allium sativum) is a plant that has a good antibacterial activity potential because of its organosulfur and phenolic compound. Black garlic is the product of spontaneous fermentation of garlic that has improved its bioactive compounds. Content: Antibacterial potency of black garlic extract on Escherichia coli is shown on the resistance zone that formed where the lowest zone diameter is 9,67 mm while the highest zone is 24 mm. The fermentation of black garlic happened at the temperature of 70-80°C with 75-80% for 28-40 days. Conclusion: Black garlic is shown to exhibit antibacterial activity against bacteria such as Escherichia coli. This fermented product has the potential to be a therapeutic agent for diseases caused by Escherichia coli.

Role of Knowledge, Subjective Norms, Perceived Behavior Control, and Attitudes in Predict Pro-Environmental Behavior

Background: One of the public universities as the green campus that prioritizes reforestation to overcome environmental issues. All stakeholders including students are expected to behave pro-environmentally. This study aimed to explain whether or not there is an influence of knowledge, subjective norm, perceived behavior control, and attitude towards pro-environmental behavior (plastic waste) for university students. Methods: This research was conducted under a quantitative approach with 5 valid and reliable variables. In addition, regression tests and structural equation models are used. The respondents of this study were 399 university students from all faculties of Hasanuddin University. Results: Perceived Behavior Control has the greatest effect on pro-environmental behavior compared to other variables. However, environmental knowledge has the smallest effect on subjective norms, perceived behavior control, and attitude. Conclusion: All variables affect predict pro-environmental behavior.

Relationship of Spiritual Aspects with Hyperemesis Gravidarum Incidence of Pregnant Women in Tinambung District in 2020

Introduction: Nausea and vomiting is a common thing and physiological in early pregnancy. This condition can be severe if continued and causes a pregnancy disorder called hyperemesis gravidarum. Mothers with hyperemesis gravidarum based on data at the Tinambung Health Center in 2018 amounted to 47 people and in 2019 there were 58 people. The risk factor for hyperemesis gravidarum is associated with several factors, one of which is the spiritual aspect of the mother. Methods: This type of research is an analytic survey using cross-sectional. Sampling from 344 populations with a purposive technique for 78 samples. Data analysis using Chi-Square test on SPSS program. Results: The Majority of respondents had moderate and low spiritual aspects, namely 33 respondents (42.3%). The chi square test showed p-value = 0.042 (<0.05) so that the spiritual aspect significantly affected the status of hyperemesis gravidarum. Conclusion: This study concludes that there is a significant relationship between the spiritual aspects of the mother with the occurrence of hyperemesis gravidarum in Tinambung District.

Risk factors of death among children with Dengue Hemorrhagic fever

Background: Dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) is still periodically around developing countries including Indonesia. Morbidity and mortality of DHF can be reduced if early diagnosis and appropriate management. Objective: Our study evaluate risk factors of death in pediatric DHF patients hospitalized in Wahidin Sudirohusodo Hospital Makassar. Methods: we review the medical records of patients aged ≤ 18 years from January 2016 to December 2018 with confirmed DHF based on WHO criteria and serologically positive anti-dengue Ig M or positive anti-dengue IgM and Ig G. Results: During the study period, 70 patients aged 1-17 years with the complete medical records enrolled in this study. The DHF severity consisted of 37 cases (52,9%) with shock(DSS) and 33 cases (41,7%) without shock and mostly of them was admitted to the hospital on > 3 days of fever (63 cases /90,0%). Boys were predominantly (39/55,7%) found than girls (31/44,3%) and the majority of cases above 5 years (50/71,4%) with well-nourished patients in 46 cases (65,7%). The hematocrit level ≥ 40 mg/dl, platelets ≤ 40.000/mm3, and leukocyte ≤ 4000 mm3/l were observed in 41 cases (58,6%), 36 cases (51,4%), and 48 cases (68,6%); respectively. Death was observed in four girls (5.7%) (p 0,034/OR 1,148/ 95% CI 1,003 - 1,315) with DSS because of severe condition on admission. Conclusions: Girl was an independent risk factor of death among children with DHF.

Analysis of Medicosocial Determinant Factors in Mothers with Stunted Children

Introduction: Stunting is a linear growth disorder caused by malnutrition in chronic nutrient intake and chronic recurrent infectious diseases as indicated by height z-score according to age. Infancy is a period that is very sensitive to the environment so more attention is needed especially the adequacy of nutrition. Obstetric complications are very influential on several determinant factors, one of these factors is a medical society or social risk. Family socioeconomic status such as family income, parental education, mother's knowledge about nutrition, and the number of family members can indirectly relate to stunting. Methods: A cross-sectional analytic with a retrospective approach. Processing data using regression tests. Result: The results of this Stunting study were obtained from nutritional status data on children under five in the province of West Sulawesi in January-June 2020 by taking samples using simple random sampling. The total number of samples in this study were 88 people taken from mothers who have Stunting children aged 2-5 years. Social risk is the condition of the mother during pregnancy including age, level of education, ethnicity, occupation, income, referral decision, cost considerations, distance traveled, referral mobilization, consideration of health insurance that is expected to be related to stunting. Conclusion: In this study, it was found that the most influential medicosocial determinants were referral mobilization and employment.

Antifibrotics and Antioxidants of Chlorogenic Acid Inhibits Toll- Like Receptors-4 as Liver Fibrotic Marker

Introduction: Chlorogenic Acid (CGA) is an antifibrotic and antioxidant for fibrotic tissues. These double roles be able to inhibit or fibrotic tissues chains because of internal and external issues. For example, virus, bacteria or other pathogens and also by drugs, alcohol, cigarettes, etc. as external factor that affect quality of body tissues. Toll-Like Receptor-4 (TLR-4) as a marker fibrotic tissues. It is a key for researcher could be find out by expression performance. The aim of this study is to reveal the CGA as a candidate of antifibrotic & antioxidant in liver fibrosis that induced by CCL4. Methods: This is a pure experimental research with a simple experimental design or post-test only control group design. The total 29 mices of 2.5-month-old male Swiss mices with weigh 35-40 gram divided into 6 group: 3 groups of controls (injected by natrium chloride, CGA, and CCL4) and 3 groups of treated (injected by CGA doses 42 mg/kg, 63 mg/kg or 84 mg/kg). Liver organ was used to examine the expression of TLR-4 by rt-PCR. This research revealed that expression of TLR-4 lower than the CCL4 control group (respectively, p=0.042; p=0.005; p=0.006; and p=0.001). Higher dose of CGA showed greater ability as anti-fibrotic through inhibit the expression of TLR-4. Some research found the expression of TLR-4 has been decreased by treatment of Clorogenic Acid (CGA). Conclusion: To sum up, CGA has double roles to repair liver fibrotic tissues. The greater doses of CGA, the stronger inhibition of TLR-4 expression.

Maternal Age Distribution of Down-Syndrome at Pediatric Growth and Development Clinic, 2015-2019

Introduction: Down Syndrome is a common chromosome abnormality among infants. This condition is Present in 1 over 800 deliveries. Advanced maternal age is a risk factor for Down syndrome. Other miscellaneous factors are radiation, infection, autoimmune and paternal age. The Aim is to determine maternal age distribution of Down syndrome at pediatric growth and development polyclinic, Wahidin Sudirohusodo hospital. Methods: A Descriptive study. Study population was all outpatients at Pediatric Growth and Development polyclinic, Wahidin Sudirohusodo hospital in Makassar 2015-2019. Samples in this study were collected from total sampling of population data that met the criteria of new Down syndrome patients with complete medical records Results: This study found 237 new pediatric down syndrome patients admitted to growth and development polyclinic from January 2015 – December 2019, 95 complete medical records from 237. 52% (49) boys, 48 % (46) girls from 95 children. No gender difference was found in the presentation. Parental age of Down syndrome patients, the most advanced maternal age was >35, found 46 (48,42%), the most advanced paternal age was >35, found 63 (66,32%). Parity < 3rd, the most maternal age between 25-35 (23,16%), parity > 3rd, the most maternal age was >34, found 30 (31,57%). Conclusion. Advance maternal and/ or paternal age is a risk factor of Down Syndrome.

Study of Differences in Children Nutrition Status Aged 6-24 Months with Exclusive and Non-Exclusive Breastfeeding in Mattampa Bulu Village

Background: Breast milk is the most ideal biological and physiological first food during the growth and development process due to the presence of protective and nutritional factors and also the needs of children according to their age and phase of growth and development. Methods: This study aims to determine differences in nutritional status based on BB/U and PB/U for children aged 6-24 months in Mattampa Bulu Village. This study used 47 samples which were measured for body weight and length then the mother filled out a questionnaire. Result: The results of the study using the Chi Square test showed that there was a significant difference between nutritional status based on body weight in children with exclusive and non-exclusive breastfeeding history with p < 0.05 (p = 0.011), but there was no difference in nutritional status based on PB/ U with p > 0.05 (p=0.913). Results: Based on the research, it may be concluded that children with exclusive breastfeeding have good nutritional status based on the indicators of BB/U and there is no difference in the incidence of stunting in children with a history of exclusive and non-exclusive breastfeeding