scholarly journals Measuring the Canal Length - A Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (33) ◽  
pp. 2824-2829
Author(s):  
Simran Verma ◽  
Mandeep S. Grewal ◽  
Anshul Arora ◽  
Ashtha Arya ◽  
Vipul Gupta
Keyword(s):  
Root Canal ◽  
Ease Of Use ◽  
Pulp Tissue ◽  
Apical Constriction ◽  
Working Length ◽  
Periodic Monitoring ◽  
Patient Will ◽  
Tissue Changes ◽  
Length Determination ◽  
Root Canal System

The objectives of root canal treatment are elimination of microorganisms, removal of pulpal remnants, removal of debris, and shaping of the root canal system so that it may be obturated. The most important step in endodontic therapy is canal preparation which can be achieved by accurate working length determination. Working length determines the extent of placing the instruments into the canal, it affects the degree of pain and discomfort which the patient will experience post treatment and it plays an important role in the success of the treatment if placed within correct limits. The cementodentinal junction, where the pulp tissue changes into the apical tissue, is the ideal physiologic apical limit of WL because at this point healing is supposed to be optimal, and the wound to the periapical tissues is minimal.The apical constriction is however, histological and is impossible to locate clinically or radiographically. There are several methods of determining working length which include radiographical methods, digital tactile sense, apical periodontal sensitivity, paper point method and electronic apex locators. The requirements of an ideal method for determining working length include rapid location of the apical constriction in all pulpal conditions, easy measurement, rapid periodic monitoring and confirmation, patient and clinician comfort, minimal radiation to the patient; ease of use in special patients; and cost effectiveness. To achieve the highest degree of accuracy in working length determination, a combination of several methods should be used. This article reviews the different methods to determine WL and their clinical implications. KEY WORDS Working Length, Apex Locator, Radiographic Method.

scholarly journals Apex Locator - Booster to Dentist : Literature Review

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (07) ◽  
Author(s):  
Swati Manhas ◽  
Sonia Lakra ◽  
Mehak ◽  
Abhishek Sharma ◽  
Kriti Garg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Literature Review ◽  
Root Canal ◽  
Root Canal Treatment ◽  
Apical Constriction ◽  
Precise Control ◽  
3 Dimensional ◽  
Working Length ◽  
Electronic Method ◽  
Length Determination

Successful root canal treatment depends on thorough cleaning & shaping and 3- dimensional fluid impervious obturation of tooth within the confines of canals. To achieve this objective  the apical constriction must be detected accurately during canal preparation and precise  control over  working length  during the  procedure must  be maintained.  There are  many methods  of working length determination including  radigraphs  and electronic method(apex locator). Introduction of apex locators  have definitely served  as an effective adjuvant  to radiographs. 

scholarly journals Accuracy of Working Length Measured by Apex Locator and Digital Radiography

2021 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 24-28
Author(s):  
Ghulam Ishaq Khan ◽  
◽  
Muhammad Talha Khan ◽  
Saroosh Ehsan ◽  
Anam Fayyaz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Digital Radiography ◽  
Root Canal ◽  
Reference Points ◽  
Radiographic Measurement ◽  
Apical Constriction ◽  
Actual Length ◽  
Actual Working ◽  
Working Length ◽  
Length Determination ◽  
Electronic Apex Locator

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to compare the measurements of electronic and radiographic method of working lengths calculation with actual working length of root canals. Precise working length determination is the most important part for successful root canal procedure. The most commonly used methods to determine the working length in root canal treatment are radiography and electronic apex locator. METHODOLOGY: A cross sectional study was done over a period of 06 months in the Department of Operative Dentistry, Fatima Memorial Hospital, Lahore. Sixty patients who were recommended extraction of their premolar teeth with sixty canals were selected by convenience sampling. The Root ZX* apex locator was used to determine electronic working length exactly identifying the apical constriction. Reference points were identified and radiographic working length were determined 1mm short of radiographic apex. The teeth were extracted along with file cemented before extraction inside root canal. The actual length of the root canal was then calculated using the same files and reference point with 3.5X magnification. Pearson chi square test was applied to compare the apex locator and digital radiographic measurement with actual working length. RESULTS: The Root ZX® apex locator was 95% accurate to identify the apical constriction as compared 70% accuracy given by radiographs within 0.5 mm of the apex. CONCLUSION: Electronic apex locator was more accurate as compared to digital radiography in working length determination. KEYWORDS: Working length (WL), Electronic apex locators (EAL), Radiographic working length(RWL), Apical constriction (AC) HOW TO CITE: Khan GI, Khan MT, Ehsan S, Fayyaz A, Malik HA, Hussain S. Accuracy of working length measured by apex locator and digital radiography. J Pak Dent Assoc 2021;30(1):24-28.

scholarly journals Root canal curvature as a prognostic factor influencing the diagnostic accuracy of radiographic working length determination and postoperative canal axis modification: an in vitro comparative study

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bestoon Mohammed Faraj
Keyword(s):  
Root Canal ◽  
Radiographic Images ◽  
The Real ◽  
Root Canals ◽  
Length Estimation ◽  
Working Length ◽  
Length Determination ◽  
Case Difficulty Assessment ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background Radiographic analysis of tooth morphology is mandatory for accurate calibration of the degree of canal curvature angle and radiographic working length to its real dimensions in case difficulty assessment protocols. This study aimed to determine the impact of the degree of root canal curvature angle on maintaining the real working length and the original canal axis of prepared root canals using a reciprocating rotary instrumentation technique. Methods Radiographic image analysis was performed on 60 extracted single-rooted human premolar teeth with a moderate canal curvature (10°–25°) and severe canal curvature (26°–70°). Working length and longitudinal canal axis were determined using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) and digital periapical radiography. The real canal length was determined by subtracting 0.5 mm from the actual canal length. Root canals were prepared using the WaveOne Gold reciprocating file (Dentsply Maillefer, Ballaigues, Switzerland). Results There was no significant relation of the degree of canal curvature angle to the accuracy of radiographic working length estimated on CBCT and digital periapical radiographic techniques (P > 0.05). Postinstrumentation changes in the original canal axis between moderate and severe canal curvature angles, assessed on CBCT and periapical digital radiographic images were statistically non-significant (P > 0.05). Conclusions A standardized digital periapical radiographic method performed similarly to the CBCT technique near to its true working length. No significant interaction exists between the diagnostic working length estimation, postoperative root canal axis modification, and the degree of canal curvature angle, using reciprocating rotary instrumentation technique.

scholarly journals An in vivo Evaluation of Different Methods of Working Length Determination

2013 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 644-648 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nitin Shah ◽  
Sarita Singh ◽  
Jyoti Mandlik ◽  
Kalpana Pawar ◽  
Paras Gupta ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tactile Sensation ◽  
Pulp Chamber ◽  
In Vivo Evaluation ◽  
Extraction Working ◽  
Apical Constriction ◽  
Working Length ◽  
Length Measurements ◽  
Length Determination ◽  
Electronic Apex Locator

ABSTRACT Objective The purpose of this in vivo study was to compare the ability of digital tactile, digital radiographic and electronic methods to determine reliability in locating the apical constriction. Materials and methods Informed consent was obtained from patients scheduled for orthodontic extraction. The teeth were anesthetized, isolated and accessed. The canals were negotiated, pulp chamber and canals were irrigated and pulp was extirpated. The working length was then evaluated for each canal by digital tactile sensation, an electronic apex locator (The Root ZX) and digital radiography. The readings were then compared with post-extraction working length measurements. Results The percentage accuracy indicated that EAL method (Root ZX) shows maximum accuracy, i.e. 99.85% and digital tactile and digital radiographic method (DDR) showed 98.20 and 97.90% accuracy respectively. Clinical significance Hence, it can be concluded that the EAL method (Root ZX) produced most reliable results for determining the accurate working length. How to cite this article Mandlik J, Shah N, Pawar K, Gupta P, Singh S, Shaik SA. An in vivo Evaluation of Different Methods of Working Length Determination. J Contemp Dent Pract 2013;14(4):644-648.

An In Vivo Evaluation of Two Types of Files used to Accurately Determine the Diameter of the Apical Constriction of a Root Canal: An In Vivo Study

2009 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 43-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
Narendra Manwar ◽  
Sumeet Darda ◽  
D.D. Shori
Keyword(s):  
Root Canal ◽  
Univariate Analysis ◽  
File Size ◽  
In Vivo Evaluation ◽  
Apical Constriction ◽  
Iso Standard ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Canal Diameter ◽  
Working Length

Abstract Aim The aim of this study was to compare sizes of the first instrument with or without a taper that binds at the apical constriction of a root canal after coronal flaring. Methods and Materials A total of 310 canals were evaluated in patients presenting for root canal therapy. Canals with intact apices were selected. After gaining straight line endodontic access, the coronal third was flared using Gates-Glidden drills. Working length was determined using an apex locator. ISO Standard K-files (tapered) were passively introduced into the canals starting with a No. 15 file. The first K-file size to bind against the canal walls without pushing and to reach the working length was recorded as the FKFB (First K File to Bind). Next, ISO Standard Lightspeed files (non-tapered instruments) starting with No. 20 were then gently introduced by hand to each canal in ascending order to the working length. The first size of a Lightspeed instrument to bind against the canal walls and reach the working length was recorded as FLSB (First Light Speed to Bind). In all instances a larger file was introduced to ensure it could not reach the same depth (i.e., working length). Statistical analysis was carried out using a univariate analysis of variance (ANOVA). Results The average size of the FLSB to bind against the canal walls first at the working length was approximately two ISO sizes larger than the FKFB (P<0.001). Conclusion The clinician should consider introducing a non-tapered instrument to working length after coronal flaring because determination of the initial narrow apical canal diameter plays a major factor in identifying the extent of final apical shaping. Because the first non-tapered instrument that binds the apical constriction is larger than the corresponding tapered instrument, it better reflects the actual narrow apical diameter of the canal. Clinical Significance The initiation of canal instrumentation with a K-file size three sizes beyond the mean values of the FLSB will result in greater final enlargement of the canal compared to starting with the FKFB. This increased canal enlargement facilitates improved mechanical and chemical cleansing of the root canal ensuring removal of more microorganisms and their substrates, thus, improving the outcome of the treatment. Citation Darda S, Manwar N, Chandak M, Shori DD. An In Vivo Evaluation of Two Types of Files used to Accurately Determine the Diameter of the Apical Constriction of a Root Canal: An In Vivo Study. J Contemp Dent Pract 2009 July; (10)4:043-050.

scholarly journals Tactile working length determination for root canal therapy in underserved settings

2014 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 56-57 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdullah J Dohaithem ◽  
Eman O Bakarman ◽  
Analia Veitz-Keenan
Keyword(s):  
Root Canal ◽  
Root Canal Therapy ◽  
Working Length ◽  
Length Determination

scholarly journals A Survey of Standard Protocols for Endodontic Treatment in North of KSA

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Azhar Iqbal ◽  
Iftikhar Akbar ◽  
Beenish Qureshi ◽  
Mohd G. Sghaireen ◽  
Mahmoud K. AL-Omiri
Keyword(s):  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Root Canal ◽  
Computer Software ◽  
Endodontic Treatment ◽  
Preparation Technique ◽  
Gutta Percha ◽  
Working Length ◽  
True Representation ◽  
Length Determination ◽  
General Dentists

The objective of this study was to collect information regarding methods, materials, and attitudes employed during the endodontic treatment by dentists in north of Saudi Arabia. A questionnaire was designed and distributed among 300 dentists in north of Saudi Arabia to collect the data about the standard protocols of endodontic treatment. The collected data was analyzed by using the SPSS 10 computer software. Out of a total of 300 surveyed dentists, the 66% response rate showed that this study was true representation of the endodontic treatment performed by the dentists in north of Saudi Arabia. 152 (76%) were general dentists and 48 (24%) were endodontists. 18 (9%) were using rubber dam as the method of isolation during endodontic treatment. 173 (86.5%) were using only measurement radiographs for working length determination and 27 (13.5%) were using both electronic apex locator and measurement radiographs. 95 (47.5%) of the respondents were using standardized technique and 25 (12.5%) were using step-down as a root canal preparation technique. 127 (63.5%) of the respondents were using lateral condensation technique, with gutta percha points for root canal obturation.

scholarly journals In vivo accuracy of conventional and digital radiographic methods in confirming root canal working length determination by Root ZX

2012 ◽  
Vol 20 (5) ◽  
pp. 522-525 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fernando Accorsi Orosco ◽  
Norberti Bernardineli ◽  
Roberto Brandão Garcia ◽  
Clovis Monteiro Bramante ◽  
Marco Antonio Húngaro Duarte ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Root Canal ◽  
Working Length ◽  
Length Determination

scholarly journals Apical instrumentation in endodontic therapy

2007 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kurniasri Darliana ◽  
Endang Sukartini
Keyword(s):  
Root Canal ◽  
Clinical Success ◽  
Apical Region ◽  
Canal System ◽  
Apical Constriction ◽  
Canal Diameter ◽  
Shaping Process ◽  
Canal Systems ◽  
Root Canal System ◽  
Major Factors

Cleaning and shaping of the root canal as the foundation for successful endodontic therapy. Cleaning of the root canal as the removal of all the contents of the root canal systems before and during shaping. Mechanical cleaning as the most important part of the root canal therapy. Instrumentation of the apical region has long been considered to be an essential component in the cleaning and shaping process. The apical area as the critical zone for instrumentation. The apical portion of the root canal system can retain microorganisms that could potentially cause periradicular inflammation. The nickel-titanium rotary instrumentation system to facilitate the cleaning and shaping process. Larger instrumentation sizes not only allow proper irrigation but also significantly decrease remaining bacteria in the canal system. How the larger apical sizes preparation must be achieved to clinical success. This paper will describe the major factors impacting the selection of final apical size, the factors are the anatomy of the apical constriction, root canal diameter, apical instrumentation, and bacteria in dentin tubuli.

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