scholarly journals FREE STATION TASK WITH DRONE

2021 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
David Zahradník
Keyword(s):  
Zenith Angle ◽  
Main Direction ◽  
Vertical Position ◽  
Total Station ◽  
Position Accuracy ◽  
Horizontal Angle ◽  
Package Delivery ◽  
Station Coordinates ◽  
Accuracy Of Measurement ◽  
Task Accuracy

Using drones with different purposes than only taking photos is nowadays the main direction of drone development. Drones are made for package delivery, people transport, etc. Drone equipped by GNSS RTK and prism can be used as orientation point for the free station. The idea is using drone to get coordinates of total stations inappropriate for GNSS. such as high buildings and forest. The drone can fly above the obstacle causing inappropriate, so the GNSS will compute the position coordinates correctly. Total station will measure distance and angles on prism to get free station coordinates. This article deals with the accuracy of using two points in the free station task. Accuracy of measurement and data is based on real values. Drone can be used as the target if it is not windy, the position accuracy of the target on drone is 5 cm. Wind has no effect on the vertical position accuracy of the the drone. The results show that the same principles and limitations must be observed when measuring the free station task. Horizontal angle between orientation points must be bigger than 100 gon and the zenith angle must be at least 50 gon. The distance between orientation and free station must longer than consequent measured points.

scholarly journals Pemetaan Eksterior Gedung 3 Dimensi (3D) Menggunakan Electronic Total Station (ETS)

2018 ◽  
Vol 2016 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rinaldy ◽  
Rahmat Taufik Hidayat
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Data ◽  
Level Of Detail ◽  
Vertical Position ◽  
3D Mapping ◽  
Height Difference ◽  
Dense Area ◽  
Total Station ◽  
Mapping Technology ◽  
Length Width ◽  
Mapping Exercise

ABSTRAKSaat ini masih banyak orang yang melakukan pemetaan 2D, tetapi seiring berkembangnya teknologi pemetaan secara 3D mulai dikembangkan. Pada studi ini kegiatan pemetaan dilakukan dengan metode terestris dengan melakukan pengukuran sudut dan jarak untuk mendapatkan posisi berupa x, y, z dan data keruangan berupa panjang, lebar, dan tinggi. Pada studi ini, pemetaan 3D lebih dikembangkan dengan melakukan pengukuran metode terestris dengan menggunakan alat Electronic Total Station (ETS). Namun, tidak semua objek dapat diukur menggunakan alat ETS, dikarenakan wilayah pengukuran terletak pada daerah yang padat dengan bangunan gedung sehingga membatasi ruang gerak pengukuran. Dari hasil studi ini dapat disimpulkan sebagai berikut: (1) pengambilan data detail situasi tidak hanya mengambil batas-batas atap dari setiap objek, melainkan setiap detail objek-objek seperti pilar, pintu, jendela, tangga, atap, rangka atap, ventilasi; (2) titik-titik detail situasi yang diukur adalah sudut-sudut dari setiap detail objek di mana titik-titik detail situasi yang diukur menggunakan metode seperti metode polar dan metode trigonometri; (3) data detail situasi yang diolah adalah posisi vertikal (z) untuk mendapatkan beda tinggi. Beda tinggi tersebut digunakan untuk penggambaran objek 3D; (4) peta 3D yang dihasilkan sesuai dengan posisi, ukuran, dan bentuknya.Kata kunci : Pemetaan 3D, ETS, Level of Detail, Metode TrigonometriABSTRACTCurrently there are many people who do 2D mapping, but as the development of a 3D mapping technology was developed. In this study mapping exercise carried out by terrestrial methods by measuring the angle and distance to get the position in the form of x, y, z and spatial data such as length, width and height. In this study, the 3D mapping is developed by measuring the terrestrial method by using the Electronic Total Station (ETS). However, not all objects can be measured using the ETS, because the measuring region lies in a dense area with buildings that limits the space of measurement. The results of this study can be summarized as follows: (1) retrieval of detailed data of the situation not only take the roof boundaries of each object, but every detail of objects such as pillars, doors, windows, stairs, roof, roof truss, ventilation; (2) the detail points of the situation measured are the angles of each detail of the object in which the detail points of the situation are measured using methods such as polar methods and trigonometric methods; (3) the processed data of detail situation is vertical position (z) to obtain a height difference, which used for 3D object depiction; (4) the resulting 3D map matches the position, size, and shape.Keywords: 3D Mapping, ETS, Level of Detail, Trigonometry Method

scholarly journals Pengaruh Koneksitas Jaring Terhadap Ketelitian Posisi Pada Survei GPS

2013 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Taufan Akbar Utama
Keyword(s):  
Network Connectivity ◽  
Single Frequency ◽  
Vertical Position ◽  
Positioning Accuracy ◽  
Position Accuracy ◽  
Network Geometry ◽  
Gps Network ◽  
Average Accuracy ◽  
Gps Observation

ABSTRAK Secara teoritis, salah satu faktor yang mempengaruhi ketelitian posisi titik-titik dari survei GPS adalah geometri jaring, yaitu banyaknya jumlah baseline yang terikat ke suatu titik (koneksitas titik). Penelitian ini menganalisis pengaruh banyaknya koneksitas titik dalam suatu jaring terhadap ketelitian posisi yang diperoleh dari hasil pengukuran GPS menggunakan receiver HI-TARGET HD8200X Single Frequency (L1) dengan format RINEX di 6 titik dengan sebaran titik-titik berada di wilayah Itenas, Gasibu, Cukangkawung, Cikutra, Siliwangi, Antapani dan Jalan Jakarta. Metode pengukuran yang digunakan adalah metode diferensial statik dan diujikan beberapa bentuk desain jaring dengan jumlah koneksitas yang berbeda-beda. Dari hasil hitungan yang diperoleh, jaring GPS dengan koneksitas 2 dan 3 menghasilkan ketelitian posisi horizontal dan vertikal rata-rata ± 20 cm dan ± 12 cm, sedangkan untuk koneksitas 4 dan 5 ketelitian posisi horizontal dan vertikal ± 9 cm. Penggunaan koneksitas di atas 4 menunjukkan peningkatan ketelitian yang tidak berarti, artinya penggunaan jaring dengan koneksitas 4 sudah optimal. Kata kunci: ketelitian posisi, geometri jaring, koneksitas titik. ABSTRACT Theoretically, one of factor that influenced the points positioning accuracy in GPS surveying is network geometric, which is the number of the baselines that bond to a point (point connectivity). This research analyzed the influence of the number of point connectivity in a single network to the position accuracy that resulted by GPS observation using HI TARGET HD8200X Single Frequency (L1) receiver device with RINEX format. The observation was held using 6 (six) ground points that distributed in different location, those are: ITENAS, Gasibu, Cukangkawung, Cikutra, Siliwangi, Antapani, and Jakarta Street. The method that used in this research was static differential and has been examined in some different network connectivity design. According to the result of this observation, the GPS network with 2 and 3 networks connectivity give the average accuracy of horizontal and vertical position are  ± 20 centimeters and ± 12 centimeters, while with 4 and 5 networks connectivity is ± 9 centimeters. The increase of accuracy for network more than 4 connectivities is not significant. So, the use of 4 networks connectivity was the most optimal. Keywords: position accuracy, network geometry, point connectivity.

Static and Pseudo-Kinematic PPP-AR Performance in Antarctic Region

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Serdar Erol ◽  
Bilal Mutlu ◽  
Bihter Erol ◽  
Muhammed Raşit Çevikalp
Keyword(s):  
Winter Season ◽  
Convergence Time ◽  
Vertical Position ◽  
Polar Regions ◽  
South Pole ◽  
The South ◽  
Occupation Times ◽  
Solution Strategies ◽  
Position Accuracy ◽  
Accuracy Performance

<p>Because of the inclined-orbit of GNSS constellations that are not cover the Polar Regions, the polar gaps occur between certain latitudes and therefore in these regions the satellite observations are limited around the zenith direction. In addition, from summer to winter season, the daylight and weather conditions vary tremendously in the Polar Regions. In the context of this study, the PPP accuracy performance was tested as a function of winter and summer seasons, GPS-only and GPS&GLONASS constellations, PPP-AR and PPP-Float solution strategies, static and kinematic processing modes, varying occupation times (1h, 2h, 4h, 8h, 12h and daily), and increasing latitudes towards the South Pole at the OHI3, ROTH, MCM4, and AMU2 GNSS stations in the Antarctica continent. Besides, the effect of the ambiguity solution strategies and the used constellations in the process on PPP convergence time was also examined. In the assessment results of the study, it was revealed that the PPP-AR strategy, additional GLONASS system to GPS constellation, and increased occupation times improved the static and kinematic positioning accuracy. Besides, although similar accuracies were obtained in both seasons, the position accuracy was slightly better in winter. Regarding the investigation on convergence time, the PPP-AR solution using the GPS&GLONASS constellations improved the convergence time by 66% comparing to the GPS-only PPP-Float solution. Finally, according to the assessment of the PPP-AR accuracy performance depending on the increasing latitude towards the South Pole, it has been observed that the 2D position accuracy remained stable for three stations except for AMU2. Besides, the vertical position accuracy decreased as it approaches the South Pole and the GLONASS system contributed to the improvement of the accuracy.</p>

scholarly journals Pengaruh Jenis Target Sasaran Bidikan pada Pengukuran Jarak Hasil Pengukuran Electronic Total Station Reflector-less

2018 ◽  
Vol 2017 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rinaldy ◽  
A.S. Setiadi ◽  
M.A. Basyid
Keyword(s):  
Target Type ◽  
Data Recording ◽  
Distance Measurements ◽  
Total Station ◽  
Digital Angle ◽  
Measuring Devices ◽  
Measurement Results ◽  
Building Wall ◽  
Measuring Tape ◽  
Accuracy Of Measurement

ABSTRAKElectronic Total Station (ETS) merupakan gabungan dari alat ukur sudut dan jarak digital serta unit pemrosesan dan unit perekaman data. ETS Reflector-less merupakan sistem pada ETS untuk Electronic Distance Meter (EDM) atau alat pengukur jarak tanpa reflector. Spesifikasi ketelitian jarak reflector-less pada alat ETS Hi-Target ZTS 320R adalah sebesar (3mm + 2ppm x D) mm, dimana D adalah panjang jarak ukuran dalam satuan kilometer. Pada penelitian ini dilakukan kajian pengaruh jenis target terhadap kualitas hasil pengukuran ETS Reflector-less. Perbandingan jarak antara pita ukur baja dan ETS reflector-less dilakukan sebanyak 30 kali dengan jarak 20 m, 30 m, dan 50 m untuk masing-masing jenis target tembok bangunan, besi, kayu dan tanah. Hasil yang diperoleh ketelitian jarak reflector-less untuk jenis target tembok bangunan sebesar ± 0.002 m, jenis target besi sebesar ± 0.002 m, jenis target kayu sebesar ± 0.001 m, dan jenis target tanah sebesar ± 0.002 m.Kata kunci: ketelitian, jarak, reflector-less, ETS Hi-Target ZTS 320RABSTRACTElectronic Total Station (ETS) is a combination of reflector-less digital angle and distance measuring devices as well as processing units and data recording units. Reflector-less is a system on ETS for Electronic Distance Meter (EDM) or a distance meter without reflector. The specification of the accuracy of the reflector-less distance on the ETS Hi-Target ZTS 320R is equal to (3mm + 2ppm x D) mm, where D is the length of the distance distance in kilometers. This research aims to study the influence of the type of target on the accuracy of measurement results derived from ETS Reflector-less. The comparison of distance measurements between steel measuring tape and ETS reflector-less were performed 30 times with spacing of 20 m, 30 m, and 50 m for each target type, i.e building wall, iron, wood and soil. The accuracy of the ETS reflector-less distance for the building wall target type is ± 0.002 m, the target type of iron is ± 0.002 m, the target type of wood is ± 0.001 m, and the target type of land is ± 0.002 m.Keywords: accuracy, distance, reflector-less, ETS Hi-Target ZTS 320R

scholarly journals Influence of distance, angle, and reflecting surface on the accuracy of measurement with a reflective total station

2021 ◽  
Vol 79 (1) ◽  
pp. 241-245
Author(s):  
I.A. Kuznetsova ◽  
◽  
M.R. Gilyazov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Mean Squared Error ◽  
Total Station ◽  
Reflective Surface ◽  
Squared Error ◽  
Accuracy Of Measurement ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Reflecting Surface

This article investigates the influence of a distance, an angle and reflective surface on the accuracy of the measurements that were done with a Leica non-reflective total station, model TS09plus. There were obtained graphs of the effect of the distance, reflective surface, and angle on the mean squared error.

Etching of Polymers by Oxygen Plasma

1968 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
pp. 408-409
Author(s):  
Virgil Peck ◽  
W. L. Carter
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Oxygen Plasma ◽  
Flow Time ◽  
Microscopical Study ◽  
Surface Layers ◽  
Organic Vapors ◽  
Sample Position ◽  
Accuracy Of Measurement ◽  
Bulk Polymers ◽  
Electron Microscopical

Any electron microscopical study of the morphology of bulk polymers has throughout the years been hampered by the lack of any real ability to produce meaningful surface variations for replication. True etching of polymers should show crystalline and amorphous regions in some form of relief. The use of solvents, acids, organic vapors, and inert ion bombardment to etch samples has proved to be useful only in limited applications. Certainly many interpretations of these results are subject to question.The recent use of a radiofrequency (R. F.) plasma of oxygen to degrade and remove organic material with only minor heating has opened a new possibility for etching polymers. However, rigid control of oxygen flow, time, current, and sample position are necessary in order to obtain reproducible results. The action is confined to surface layers; the molecular weight of the polymer residue after heavy etching is the same as the molecular weight of the polymer before attack, within the accuracy of measurement.

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