scholarly journals ECOTONE SOILS IN NORTHEASTERN BRAZIL

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (81) ◽  
pp. 308-328
Author(s):  
José João Lelis Leal Souza ◽  
Anderson Silva Pinto ◽  
Maiara Bezerra Ramos ◽  
Sérgio Faria Lopes
Keyword(s):  
Soil Properties ◽  
Storage Capacity ◽  
Water Storage ◽  
Organic Matter Content ◽  
Dry Forest ◽  
Northeastern Brazil ◽  
Organic Carbon Content ◽  
Dry Forests ◽  
Semideciduous Forest ◽  
Water Storage Capacity

Texture, base saturation, organic carbon content, and water storage availability of soil are drivers of plant physiognomy and composition of communities. Soil properties in ecotone areas are still poorly studied, and the transition between dry, moist, and semideciduous forests is defined only by climate parameters. The objective of this study was to describe the soil properties of a moist-dry forest ecotone in Northeastern Brazil. Seven soil profiles were dug in a pristine semideciduous forest known as “Agreste”. Four more pedons were described to represent soils of dry forests. Morphology, reactivity, texture, organic matter content, and water storage capacity of the soil horizons were determined. The soils of the study area are derived from granites and granitoids, rocks highly resistant to weathering. Soils of dry forests are loam, neutral to alkaline, and hypereutrophic. Soils of semideciduous forest are sandy, acidic, dystrophic, and have up to 65% higher C content. The rocks act as impermeable layers to water, and consequently, most soils develop stagnic properties in semideciduous forests. Soils are dystrophy and have low CEC and loam texture. These properties are attributed to ferrolysis. Umbrisols and Stagnosols with higher water storage capacity than dry forests soils sustain semideciduous forests in Northeastern Brazil.

scholarly journals Flächenhafte Modellierung von Waldboden-eigenschaften in der Nordwestschweiz

2013 ◽  
Vol 164 (1) ◽  
pp. 10-22
Author(s):  
Thomas Mosimann ◽  
Philipp Herbst
Keyword(s):  
Soil Properties ◽  
Decision Trees ◽  
Forest Soil ◽  
Storage Capacity ◽  
Forest Type ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Water Storage ◽  
Soil Heterogeneity ◽  
Parent Material ◽  
Water Storage Capacity

Spatial modeling of forest soil properties in Northwestern Switzerland Forest soils are an important natural resource. However, up to now almost no area-wide forest soil information was available for Switzerland. Since 2006, model-based, high-resolution maps of forest soil properties in the cantons Basel-Landschaft and Basel-Stadt were generated, depicting soil depth, stone content, soil wetness, acidity and water storage capacity. These maps are based on all available point information on soils, and on 95 recently analyzed pedological forest soil profiles. Two different methods were applied in parallel: 1) the development of decision trees based on frequency statistics combined with expertise and 2) the semi-automated Random Forest modeling approach. Highly branched hierarchical decision trees were used to derive soil properties from 24 predictors (relief forms, parent material, vegetation, forest type, location, climate, etc.). This article describes the approaches and portrays the mapped results of soil depth, top soil acidity and water storage capacity. Our project shows that it is basically feasible to predict soil properties with a high spatial resolution, classifying them into 4–5 categories. However, depending on soil type, for 10–30% of the area no predictions are possible, especially because of high soil heterogeneity, inadequate morphographic slope differentiation in the terrain models and the implausibility of predictor information. Soil property maps provide basic information for set up forestry maps for forest development, forest management and risk assessment.

On the role of parent material for predictive mapping of soil properties in mountain forests 

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alois Simon ◽  
Marcus Wilhelmy ◽  
Ralf Klosterhuber ◽  
Clemens Geitner ◽  
Klaus Katzensteiner
Keyword(s):  
Soil Properties ◽  
Storage Capacity ◽  
Water Storage ◽  
Parent Material ◽  
Soil Mapping ◽  
Digital Soil Mapping ◽  
Water Storage Capacity ◽  
Plant Available Water ◽  
Geological Substrates ◽  
Geological Substrate

<p>Parent material is widely recognised as an important factor for soil formation. Thus, quantitative information on the lithogenetic, geochemical, and physical characteristics of the subsolum geological substrates (SSGS) are essential input parameters for digital soil mapping (DSM). Forming the interface between bedrock – the domain of geologists, and soil – the domain of soil scientists, spatial information on SSGS is however scarce. Recognising these shortcomings, a novel geochemical-physical classification system for subsolum geological substrates has been developed, in order to support DSM at a regional scale. The units of the classification system reflect the properties of the SSGS also considering multilayering structure of quaternary deposits. The basis for the classification are mineral component groups, namely dolomite, calcite, and felsic, mafic, and clay minerals. In order to test the relevance of SSGS for the prediction of spatially continuous physical and chemical soil properties, Generalized Additive Models (GAMs) were applied to the forested area of Tyrol, Austria. The plant-available water storage capacity, as a physical soil property, was predicted with r² = 0.56. The Ellenberg´s mean soil reaction indicator value for vegetation turned out to be a suitable proxy for soil pH value and was predicted with r² = 0.75. Topography and associated morphometric terrain features are formative characteristics of mountain areas and, due to its various effects on redistribution processes as well as on water and energy budget of forest sites, are considered as the most essential soil forming factors. Thus, variables derived from digital terrain models, which are available in high spatial resolution, are assumed to be one of the most important predictors for digital soil mapping. In our study we could show however, that SSGS information is the most relevant predictor for both investigated soil properties. In the plant-available water storage capacity model, the predictor variables related to SSGS account for around 76% of the variance explained. Accordingly, a special focus should be placed on the predictive relevance of parent material and the frequently unlocked potential of quantitative geological substrate information. Thus, the newly developed subsolum geological substrate information could stimulate further developments in digital soil mapping, especially in mountain environments.</p>

scholarly journals Laboratory model test study of the hydrological effect on granite residual soil slopes considering different vegetation types

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jie Chen ◽  
Xue-wen Lei ◽  
Han-lin Zhang ◽  
Zhi Lin ◽  
Hui Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Root System ◽  
Heavy Rainfall ◽  
Storage Capacity ◽  
Water Storage ◽  
Laboratory Model ◽  
Residual Soil ◽  
Vegetation Types ◽  
Water Storage Capacity ◽  
Granite Residual Soil ◽  
Stem Leaf

AbstractThe problems caused by the interaction between slopes and hydrologic environment in traffic civil engineering are very serious in the granite residual soil area of China, especially in Guangdong Province. Against the background of two heavy rainfall events occurring during a short period due to a typhoon making landfall twice or even two typhoons consecutively making landfall, laboratory model tests were carried out on the hydrological effects of the granite residual soil slope considering three vegetation types under artificial rainfall. The variation in slope surface runoff, soil moisture content and rain seepage over time was recorded during the tests. The results indicate that surface vegetation first effectively reduces the splash erosion impact of rainwater on slopes and then influences the slope hydrological effect through rainwater forms adjustment. (1) The exposed slope has weak resistance to two consecutive heavy rains, the degree of slope scouring and soil erosion damage will increase greatly during the second rainfall. (2) The multiple hindrances of the stem leaf of Zoysia japonica plays a leading role in regulating the hydrological effect of slope, the root system has little effect on the permeability and water storage capacity of slope soil, but improves the erosion resistance of it. (3) Both the stem leaf and root system of Nephrolepis cordifolia have important roles on the hydrological effect. The stem leaf can stabilize the infiltration of rainwater, and successfully inhibit the surface runoff under continuous secondary heavy rainfall. The root system significantly enhances the water storage capacity of the slope, and greatly increases the permeability of the slope soil in the second rainfall, which is totally different from that of the exposed and Zoysia japonica slopes. (4) Zoysia is a suitable vegetation species in terms of slope protection because of its comprehensive slope protection effect. Nephrolepis cordifolia should be cautiously planted as slope protection vegetation. Only on slopes with no stability issues should Nephrolepis cordifolia be considered to preserve soil and water.

scholarly journals Urban water storage capacity inferred from observed evapotranspiration recession

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harro Joseph Jongen ◽  
Gert-Jan Steeneveld ◽  
Jason Beringer ◽  
Andreas Christen ◽  
Krzysztof Fortuniak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Storage Capacity ◽  
Water Storage ◽  
Urban Water ◽  
Water Storage Capacity

Urban water storage capacity inferred from observed evapotranspiration recession 

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harro Jongen ◽  
Gert-Jan Steeneveld ◽  
Jason Beringer ◽  
Krzysztof Fortuniak ◽  
Jinkyu Hong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Storage Capacity ◽  
Water Storage ◽  
Urban Water ◽  
Natural Forests ◽  
Local Climate ◽  
Water Storage Capacity ◽  
Vegetation Fraction ◽  
Local Climate Zones ◽  
Order Of Magnitude ◽  
Neighborhood Scale

<p>The amount and dynamics of urban water storage play an important role in mitigating urban flooding and heat. Assessment of the capacity of cities to store water remains challenging due to the extreme heterogeneity of the urban surface. Evapotranspiration (ET) recession after rainfall events during the period without precipitation, over which the amount of stored water gradually decreases, can provide insight on the water storage capacity of urban surfaces. Assuming ET is the only outgoing flux, the water storage capacity can be estimated based on the timescale and intercept of its recession. In this paper, we test the proposed approach to estimate the water storage capacity at neighborhood scale with latent heat flux data collected by eddy covariance flux towers in eleven contrasting urban sites with different local climate zones, vegetation cover and characteristics and background climates (Amsterdam, Arnhem, Basel, Berlin, Helsinki, Łódź, Melbourne, Mexico City, Seoul, Singapore, Vancouver). Water storage capacities ranging between 1 and 12 mm were found. These values correspond to e-folding timescales lasting from 2 to 10 days, which translate to half-lives of 1.5 to 7 days. We find ET at the start of a drydown to be positively related to vegetation fraction, and long timescales and large storage capacities to be associated with higher vegetation fractions. According to our results, urban water storage capacity is at least one order of magnitude smaller than the known water storage capacity in natural forests and grassland.</p>

scholarly journals Does Mixing Tree Species Affect Water Storage Capacity of the Forest Floor? Laboratory Test of Pine-Oak and Fir-Beech Litter Layers

Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (12) ◽  
pp. 1674
Author(s):  
Anna Ilek ◽  
Małgorzata Szostek ◽  
Anna Mikołajczyk ◽  
Marta Rajtar
Keyword(s):  
Physical Properties ◽  
Bulk Density ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Forest Floor ◽  
Storage Capacity ◽  
Water Storage ◽  
Pine Needles ◽  
Litter Layer ◽  
Water Storage Capacity ◽  
Organic Debris

During the last decade, tree species mixing has been widely supported as a silvicultural approach to reduce drought stress. However, little is known on the influence of tree species mixing on physical properties and the water storage capacity of forest soils (including the forest floor). Thus, the study aimed to analyze the effect of mixing pine needles and oak leaves and mixing fir needles and beech leaves on hydro-physical properties of the litter layer during laboratory tests. We used fir-beech and pine-oak litter containing various shares of conifer needles (i.e., 0, 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90 and 100%) to determine the influence of the needle admixture on bulk density, total porosity, macroporosity, water storage capacity, the amount of water stored in pores between organic debris and the degree of saturation of mixed litter compared to broadleaf litter (oak or beech). We found that the admixture of fir needles increased the bulk density of litter from 7.9% with a 5% share of needles to 55.5% with a 50% share (compared to pure beech litter), while the share of pine needles < 40% caused a decrease in bulk density by an average of 3.0–11.0% (compared to pure oak litter). Pine needles decreased the water storage capacity of litter by about 13–14% with the share of needles up to 10% and on average by 28% with the 40 and 50% shares of pine needles in the litter layer. Both conifer admixtures reduced the amount of water stored in the pores between organic debris (pine needles more than fir needles).

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